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MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


FOR TEACHERS AND PRIVATE LEARNERS 


CONSISTING OF 


KNOTTY PROBLEMS; MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS 
ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS; RULES OF MENSURA¬ 
TION; SHORT METHODS; HELPS, TABLES, ETC. 



SAMUEL I. JONES 


ASSISTANT TREASURER OF THE LIFE AND CASUALTY INSURANCE COMPANY, NASHVILLE, 
TENN., AND FORMERLY PROFESSOR OF" MATHEMATICS IN THE BIBLICAL AND 
LITERARY COLLEGE, GUNTER, TEXAS, ALABAMA CHRISTIAN 
COLLEGE, BERRY, ALA., AND DAVID LIPSCOMB 
COLLEGE, NASHVILLE, TENN. 


REVISED EDITION 


>* ; - 


PRICE $2.10, POSTPAID 


SEND ALL ORDERS TO 


SAMUEL I. JONES, PUBLISHER 
Life and Casualty Bldg., Nashville, Tenn., U.S.A. 


















































































































































' 



































CONTENTS 


CHAPTER PAUK 

I. Arithmetical Problems.1 

II. Algebraic Problems. 25 

III. Geometrical Exercises.33 

IY. Miscellaneous Problems.48 

V. Mathematical Recreations 58 

YI. Examination Questions.413 

VII. Answers and Solutions 153 

VIII. Short Methods.228 

IX. Quotations on Mathematics. 245 

OKQ 

X. Mensuration . . 

XI. Miscellaneous Helps. 285 

XII. Tables. 304 


v 




































































■ 

















































































X ■ ~ 































1 ** 

















































PREFACE 


The following pages contain many mathematical problems, 
puzzles, and amusements of past and present times. They 
have a long and interesting history and are part of the inher¬ 
itance of the school. 

This book is intended to be a helpful companion to teachers, 
and to impart to students a knowledge of the application’of 
mathematical principles, which cannot be obtained from text¬ 
books. 

The present-day teacher has little time for the selection of 
suitable problems for supplementary work. This book is de¬ 
signed to meet the requirements of teachers who feel such 
extra assignments essential to thorough work. Whatever text 
is used, the necessity for a work of this kind is felt from the 
fact that fresh problems produce interest and stimulate inves¬ 
tigation. 

Originality is not claimed for all of the problems, but for 
many of them. They have been compiled from various sources. 
The author’s aim has been to select problems not only instruc¬ 
tive, but also interesting and amusing. 

The rules of Mensuration and Short Methods have been 
included because of their usefulness. On account of the vari¬ 
ous helps placed in this book, it will serve as a handbook of 
mathematics to both teachers and pupils. 

The solutions to only part of the problems are given. In 
some cases solutions of considerable length are given, but at 
other times only the answers are given. Had the full solu¬ 
tions and proofs been given in every case, either half the prob¬ 
lems would have had to be omitted, or the size of the book 
greatly increased. 

vii 


PREFACE 


viii 

The author acknowledges his indebtedness to many friends 
for helpful suggestions. Specially is he under obligation to the 
late Dr. G. B. M. Zerr, Philadelphia, Pa., for critically reading 
the manuscript. A few of his solutions published in the lead¬ 
ing Mathematical Journals have been used on account of their 
beauty and simplicity. He is indebted to Dr. H. Y. Benedict 
and Mr. J. W. Calhoun, of the University of Texas, for read¬ 
ing the manuscript and offering many valuable suggestions 
and criticisms. He is very thankful to Dr. George Bruce Hal- 
sted, head of the department of mathematics of the Colorado 
State Teachers’ College at Greeley, for criticising the Defini¬ 
tions, Historical Notes, and Classifications. He is also specially 
indebted to Professor Dow Martin, of the Biblical and Lit¬ 
erary College of Gunter, Texas, for reading and correcting the 
proof-sheets. 

Any correction or suggestion relating to these problems and 
solutions will be most thankfully received. 

It is hoped that this small volume may produce higher and 
more noble results in awakening a real love and interest among 
the great body of teachers and students for the study of math¬ 
ematics, “the oldest and the noblest, the grandest and the 
most profound, of all sciences.” 

SAMUEL I. JONES. 

Gunter, Texas. 



MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


ARITHMETICAL PROBLEMS 

1. * Between 3 and 4 o’clock I looked at my watch and noticed 
the minute hand between 5 and 6; within two hours I looked 
again and found that the hour and minute hands had exchanged 
places. What time was it when I looked the second time ? 

2 . ** A tree 120 feet high was broken in a storm, so that the top 
struck the ground 40 feet from the foot of the tree. How long 
was the part of the tree that was broken over ? 

3. How many acres does a square tract of land contain, which 
sells for $80 an acre, and is paid for by the number of silver 
dollars that will lie upon its boundary ? 

4. * The area of a rectangular field is 30 acres, and its diag¬ 
onal is 100 rods. Find its length and breadth. 

5. * Suppose two candles, one of which will burn in 4 hours 
and the other in 5 hours, are lighted at once. How soon will 
one be four times the length of the other ? 

6. * W^hile a log 2 feet in circumference and 10 feet long 
rolls 200 feet down a mountain side, a lizard on the top of the 
log goes from one end to the other, always remaining on top. 
How far did the lizard move ? 

7. How many calves at $ 3.50, sheep at $ 1.50, and lambs at 
$ .50 per head, can be bought for $ 100, the total number bought 
being 100 ? 

* Problems denoted by (*) are algebraic or geometrical. They are placed 
here because arithmetical solutions are often demanded. 

1 


2 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


8. A man wills to his wife of his estate, and the remain¬ 
ing | to his son, if such should be born ; but f of it to the wife 
and the other i to the daughter, if such should be born. After 
his death twins are born, a son and a daughter. How should 
the estate be divided so as to satisfy the will ? 

9. What is the value of 4 3 , when n = 0 ? 

10. A room is 30 feet long, 12 feet wide, and 12 feet high. 
On the middle line of one of the smaller side walls and 1 foot 
from the ceiling is a spider. On the middle line of the oppo¬ 
site wall and 11 feet from the ceiling is a fly. The fly being 
paralyzed by fear remains still until the spider catches it 
by crawling the shortest route. How far did the spider 
crawl ? 

11. I found $ 10; what was my gain per cent ? 

12. * A conical glass is 4 inches high and 6 inches across 
at the top. A marble is within the glass, and water is poured 
in till the marble is just immersed. If the amount of water 
poured in is ^ the contents of the glass, what is the diameter 
of the marble ? 

13. A banker discounts a note at 9 % per annum, thereby 
getting 10 °jo per annum interest. How long does the note 
run ? 

14. In extracting the square root of a perfect power the 
last complete dividend was found to be 1225. What was the 
power ? 

15. * Mr. Smith has a lawn the dimensions of which are to 
each other as 3 to 2. If he should increase each dimension one 
foot, the lawn would cover 651 square feet of land. What are 
the dimensions of the lawn ? 

16. A merchant marked his goods to gain 80 but on ac¬ 
count of using an incorrect yardstick, gained only 40 %. 
Find the length of the measure, 


ARITHMETICAL PROBLEMS 


3 


17. * The area of a triangle is 24,276 square feet, and its 
sides are in proportion to the numbers 13, 14, and 15. Find 
the length of each side. 

18. Between 2 and 3 o’clock, I mistook the minute hand 
for the hour hand, and consequently thought the time 55 min¬ 
utes earlier than it was. What was the correct time ? 

19. A slate including the frame is 9 inches wide and 12 
inches long. The area of the frame is \ of the whole area, or 
^ of the area inside the frame. What is the width of the 
frame ? 

20. If 6 acres of grass, together with what grows on the 
6 acres during the time of grazing, keep 16 oxen 12 weeks, and 
9 acres keep 26 oxen 9 weeks, how many oxen will 15 acres 
keep 10 weeks, the grass growing uniformly all the time ? 

21. A boy on a sled at the top of a hill 200 feet long, slides 
down and runs half as far up another hill. He sways back 
and forth, each time going \ as far as he came. How far will 
he have traveled by the time he comes to a halt? 

22. 3-f-3x3-3-i-33 = ? 

23. 2 -s- 2 -s- 2 -s- 2 -s- 2 Xi 2 x 2 x 2 -s. 0 x 2 = ? 

24. 3 + 3 + 3 + 3x3x3x0x3=? 

25. A fly can crawl around the base of a cubical block in 
4 minutes. How long will it take it to crawl from a lower 
corner to the opposite upper corner ? 

26. A squirrel goes spirally up a cylindrical post, making a 
circuit in each 4 feet. How many feet does it travel if the 
post is 16 feet high and 3 feet in circumference ? 

27. If the cloth for a suit of clothes for a man weighing 216 
pounds costs $16, what will be the cost of enough cloth of the 
same quality for a man of similar form weighing 512 pounds ? 

28. A ball 12 feet in diameter when placed in a cubic room 
touches the floor, ceiling, and walls. What must be the diam- 


4 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


eter of 8 smaller balls, which will touch this ball and the faces 
of the given cube ? 

29. At what time between 3 and 4 o’clock is the minute 
hand the same distance from 8 as the hour hand is from 12 ? 

30. * By cutting from a cubical block enough to make each 
dimension 2 inches shorter it is found that its solidity has 
been decreased 39,368 cubic inches. Find a side of the original 
cube. 

31. A number increased by its cube is 592,788. Find the 
number. 

32. * The difference of two numbers is 40; the difference of 
their squares is 4800. What are the numbers ? 

33. A man can row upstream in 3 hours and back again in 
2 hours. Determine the distance, the rate of the current being 
1 mile per hour. 

34. A rented a farm from B, agreeing to give B i of all the 
produce. During the year A used 90 bushels of the corn 
raised, and at settlement first gave B 20 bushels to balance the 
90 bushels and then divided the remainder as if neither had 
received any. How much did B lose ? 

35. A certain number increased by its square is equal to 
13,340. Find the number. 

36. * The cube root of a certain number is 10 times the 
fourth root. Find the number. 

37. A number divided by one more than itself gives a 
quotient -Jy. What is the number ? 

38. What do I pay for goods sold at a discount of 50, 25, 
and 100 % off, the list price being $ 50 ? 

39. If an article had cost \ less, the rate of loss would have 
been i less. Find the rate of loss. 

40. A merchant having been asked for his lowest prices on 
shoes, replied, “ I give a certain per cent off for cash, the same 


ARITHMETICAL PROBLEMS 


5 


per cent off the cash price to ministers, and the same per cent 
off the price to ministers to widows.” The price to widows is 
fff of the marked price. What per cent does he give off for 
cash? 

41. If James had $40 more money he could buy 20 acres of 
land, or with $80 less he could buy only 10 acres. How much 
money has he and what is the value of an acre ? 

42. What is the least number of gallons of wine, expressed 
by a whole number, that will exactly fill, without waste, bottles 
containing either J, f, f, or f gallons ? 

43. I sold a house and gained a certain per cent on my in¬ 
vestment. Had it cost me 20 % less, I should have gained 30 % 
more. What per cent did I gain ? 

44. Goods marked to be sold at 50 and 10 % discount were 
disposed of by an ignorant salesman at 60 % from the list price. 
What was the loss on cash sales amounting to $15,000? 

45. I paid $ 10 cash for a bill of goods. What was the list 
price, if I received a discount of 50, 25, 20, and 10 % off ? 

46. My clock gains 10 minutes an hour. It is right at 
4 p.m. What is the correct time when the clock shows mid¬ 
night of the same day ? 

47. Two men working together can saw 5 cords of wood per 
day, or they can split 8 cords of wood when sawed. How 
many cords must they saw that they may be occupied the rest 
of the day in splitting it ? 

48. A grocery merchant sells goods at 80 % profit and takes 
eggs in trade at market price. If 2 eggs in each dozen are 
bad, find his per cent gain. 

49. A hollow sphere whose diameter is 6 inches weighs as 
much as a solid sphere of the same material and diameter. 
How thick is the shell ? 

50. If a bin will hold 20 bushels of wheat, how many 
bushels of apples will it hold ? 


6 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


51. What per cent in advance of the cost must a merchant 
mark his goods so that after allowing 5 % of his sales for bad 
debts, and an average credit of 6 months, and 7 % of the cost 
of the goods for his expenses, he may make a clear gain of 
12-i- cf 0 jof the first cost of the goods, money being worth 6 % ? 

52. A teacher in giving out the dividend 84,245,000 was mis¬ 
understood by his pupils, who reversed the order of the figures 
in millions period. The quotient obtained was 36,000 too 
small. What was the divisor ? 

53. Three men bought a grindstone 20 inches in diameter. 
How much of the diameter must each grind off so as to share 
the stone equally, making an allowance of 4 inches waste for 
the aperture ? 

54. James is 30 years old and John is 3 years old. In how 
many years will James be 5 times as old as John ? 

55. A merchant sold a piano at a gain of 40 %. Had it cost 
him $400 more, he would have lost 40 %. What did it cost 
him ? 

56. A steamer goes 20 miles an hour downstream, and 15 
miles an hour upstream. If it is 5 hours longer in coming up 
than in going down, how far did it go ? 

57. A and B together can do a piece of work in 24 days. 
If A can do only J as much as B, how long will it take each 
of them to do the work ? 

58. The sum of two numbers is 80; the difference of their 
squares is 1600. What are the numbers ? 

59. When a man sells goods at a price from which he re¬ 
ceived a discount of 33^ %, what is his gain per cent ? 

60. 6-6-r6 + 6x 2-2 = ? 

61. 3 + 3H^+.8 + 3 + i + * + t + *=?. 

62. How much water will dilute 5 gallons of alcohol 90 % 
strong to 30 % ? 



ARITHMETICAL PROBLEMS 


7 


63. I bought a house and lot for $ 1000, to be paid for in 5 
equal payments, interest at 10%, payable annually; payments 
to be cash, 1, 2, 3, and 4 years from date of purchase. What 
was the amount of each payment ? 

64. I buy United States 4% bonds at 106, and sell them 
in 10 years at 102. What is my rate of income ? 

65. If a melon 20 inches in diameter is worth 20 cents, 
what is one 30 inches in diameter worth ? 

66. The difference between the true discount and the bank 
discount of a note due in 90 days at 6%, is $.90. What is 
the face of the note ? 

67. A writing desk cost a merchant $20. At what price 
must it be marked so that the marked price may be reduced 
40 % and still 50 % be gained ? 

68. A man agreed to work 12 days for $ 18 and his board, 
but he was to pay $1 a day for his board for every day he 
was idle. He received $8 for his work. How many days 
did he work ? 

69. A druggist, by selling 10 pounds of sulphur for a certain 
sum, gained 50 %. If the cost of sulphur advances 20 % in 
the wholesale market, what per cent will the druggist now 
gain by selling pounds for the same sum ? 

70. * The head of a fish is 9 inches long. The tail is as long 
as the head and ^ of the body, and the body is as long as the 
head and tail. What is the length of the fish ? 

71. In a corner of a bin I pour some grain which extends 
up the wall 8 feet, and whose base is measured by a circular 
line 10 feet distant from the corner. How many bushels in 
the pile ? 

72. A substance is weighed from both arms of a false bal¬ 
ance, and its apparent weights are 4 pounds and 16 pounds. 
Find its true weight. 


8 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


73. When wheat is worth $.90 a bushel, a baker’s loaf 
weighs 9 ounces. How many ounces should it weigh when 
wheat is worth $ .72 a bushel ? 

74. The difference between, the interest of $700 and $300 
for the same time at 6 % is $84. Find the time. 

75. What is the price of 10% stocks that yield a profit 
equal to that of 5 % bonds bought at 80 ? 

76. If I sell oranges at 8 cents a dozen, I lose 30 cents; but 
if I sell them at 10 cents a dozen, I gain 12 cents. How 
many have I, and what did they cost me ? 

77. If a man can swim across a circular lake in 20 minutes, 
how long will it take him to ride twice around it at twice his 
former rate ? 

78. If \ of the time past noon, plus 4 hours, equals f of the 
time to midnight plus 3 hours, what is the time ? 

79. A horse steps more than 30 and less than 50 inches at 
each step. If he takes an exact number of steps in walking 
259 inches and an exact number in walking 407 inches, what 
is the length of his step ? 

80. I sold two horses for $200. I gained 10 % on the first 
and 20 % on the second. How much did each cost if the sec¬ 
ond cost $20 more than the first? 

81. A thief is 27 steps ahead of an officer, and takes 8 steps 
while the officer takes 5; but 2 of the officer’s steps are equal to 
5 of the thief’s. In how many steps can the officer catch him ? 

82. A tree is 60 feet high, which is f of f of the length of 
its shadow diminished by 20 feet. Required the length of its 
shadow. 

83. What time is it if i of the time past noon is equal to 
£ of the time to midnight ? 

84. Between 2 and 3 o’clock the minute and hour hands of 
a clock are together. What time is it? 


ARITHMETICAL PROBLEMS 


9 


85. Which weighs the more, a pound of feathers or a pound 
of gold ? 

86. Four pedestrians whose rates are as the numbers 2, 4, 
6, and 8, start from the same point to walk in the same direc¬ 
tion around a circular tract 100 yards in circumference. How 
far has each gone when they are next together ? 

87. If 2 miles of fence will inclose a square of 160 acres, 
how large a square will 3 miles of fence inclose? 

88. I bought a horse for $ 90, sold it for $ 100, and soon 
repurchased it for $ 80. How much did I make by trading ? 

89. Considering the earth 8000, and the sun 800,000 miles 
in diameter, how many earths would it take to equal the sun ? 

90. A merchant marks his goods to sell at an advance of 
25%, and sells a book for $2.25, and allows the customer 
10 % off from the marked price. What did the book cost the 
merchant ? 

91. A merchant gives a discount of 10%, but uses a yard 
measure .72 of an inch too short. What rate of discount would 
allow him the same amount of gain if the measure were cor¬ 
rect ? 

92. # A merchant at one straight cut took off a segment of a 
cheese which weighed 2 pounds, and had of the circumfer¬ 
ence. What was the weight of the whole cheese ? 

93. What is the shortest distance that a fly will have to go, 
crawling from one of the lower corners of the room to the op¬ 
posite upper corner — the room being 20 feet long, 15 feet 
wide, and 10 high ? 

94. I buy goods at 50 % off and sell them at 40 and 10 % 
off. What is my per cent profit ? 

95. A farmer goes to a store and says: “ Give me as much 
money as I have and I will spend ten dollars with you/’ It is 
given him, and the farmer repeats the operation to a second, 


10 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


and a third store, and has no money left. What did he have 
in the beginning ? 

96. A book and a pen cost $1.20; the book cost $1 more 
than the pen. What was the cost of each ? 

97. A dealer asked 30 % profit, but sold for 10 % less than 
he asked. What per cent did he gain ? 

98. Suppose we leave the Pacific coast at sunrise, on Sep¬ 
tember 28, and cross the Pacific Ocean fast enough to have sun¬ 
rise all the way over to Manila, where it is sunrise September 
29. How do you account for the lost day ? 

99. A man was asked whether he had a score of sheep. He 
replied, “No, but if I had as many more, half as many more, 
and two sheep and a half, I should have a score.” How many 
had he ? 

100. What part of threepence is a third of twopence? 

101. Three boys met a servant maid carrying apples to 
market. The first took half of what she had, but returned to 
her 10; the second took J, but returned 2; and the third took 
away half those she had left, but returned 1. She then had 
12 apples. How many had she at first ? 

102. A person having about him a certain number of 
German coins, said, “ If the third, fourth, and sixth of them 
were added together, they would make 54.” How many did 
he have ? 

103. If a log starts from the source of a river on Friday, and 
floats 80 miles down the stream during the day, but comes 
back 40 miles during the night with the return tide, on 
what day of the week will it reach the mouth of the river, 
which is 300 miles long ? 

104. Ix2x3x4x5x6x7x8x9x0=? 

105. One gentleman meeting another and inquiring the time 
past 12 o’clock, received for an answer, “One third of the time 
from now to midnight.” What time in the afternoon was it ? 


ARITHMETICAL PROBLEMS 


11 


106. A said to B, “ Give me $100, and then I shall have as 
much as you.” B said to A, “ Give me $ 100, and then I shall 
have twice as much as you.” How many dollars had each ? 

107. At the rate of 4 miles per hour, a raft floats past the 
landing at 8 a.m. ; the down-going steamer, at the rate of 16 
miles per hour, passes the landing at 4 p.m. What time is it 
when the steamer overtakes the raft ? 

108. A bought a horse for $ 80 and sold it to B at a certain 
rate per cent of gain. B sold it to C at the same rate per cent 
of gain. C paid $105.80 for the horse. What price did B 
pay, and what was the rate per cent of gain ? 

109. The sum of two numbers is 582 and their difference is 
218. What are the numbers ? 

110. What are the contents and inside surface of a cubical 
box whose longest inside measurement is 2 feet ? 

111. Three persons engaged ,in a trade with a joint capital 
of $9000. A’s capital was in trade 5 months, B’s 2 months, 
and C’s 1 month A’s share of the gain was $ 450, B’s $ 270, 
and C’s $ 180. What was the capital of each ? 

112. A man was hired for a year for $ 100 and a suit of 
clothes, but at the end of 8 months he left and received his 
clothes and $ 60 in money. What was the value of the suit 
of clothes ? 

113. A note for $ 100 was due on September 1, but on August 
11, the maker proposed to pay as much in advance as would 
allow him 60 days after September 1, to pay the balance. 
How much did he pay August 11, money being worth 6 % ? 

114. If I rent a house at $18 a month, payable monthly in 
advance, what amount of cash payable at the beginning of the 
year will pay the year’s rent, interest at 5 % ? 

115. If a house rents for $20 a month, payable at the close 
of each month, what amount is due if not paid till the end of 
year, interest at 6 % ? 


12 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


116. A merchant sold a lease of $480 a year, payable quar¬ 
terly, having 8 years and 9 months to run, for $2500. Did he 
gaiu or lose, and how much, interest at 8%, payable semi¬ 
annually ? 

117. A box of oranges weighed 64 pounds by the grocer’s 
scales, but being placed in the other scale of the balance, it 
weighed only 30 pounds. What was the true weight of the 
box of oranges ? 

118. If a ball 5 inches in diameter weighs 8 pounds, what 
will be the weight of a similar ball 10 inches in diameter ? 

119. A, B, and C dine on 8 loaves of bread. A furnishes 5 
loaves, B 3 loaves, and C pays the others 8 cents for his share. 
How must A and B divide the money ? 

120. A boy being asked how many fish he had, replied, “11 
fish are 7 more than f of the number.” How many had he ? 

121. I have two lamps, one of 4-candle power, and one of 
9-candle power. If the former is 30 feet distant, how far 
away must I place the latter to give me the same amount 
of light? 

122. A merchant bought 90 boxes of lemons for $ 85, pay¬ 
ing $ 3.50 for first quality and $ 3 for second quality. How 
many boxes of each kind did he buy ? 

123. A vessel after sailing due north and due east on alter¬ 
nate days, is found to be 16V2 miles northeast of the starting 
place. What distance has it sailed ? 

124. Two teachers work together; for 10 days’ work of the 
first and 8 days’ work of the second they receive' $ 28, and for 
5 days’ work of the first and 11 days’ work of the second they 
receive $21. What is each man’s daily wages? 

125. A hind wheel of a carriage 4 feet 6 inches high re- 
volved, 720 times in going a certain distance. How many 
revolutions did the fore wheel make, which was 4 feet high ? 


ARITHMETICAL PROBLEMS 


13 


126. A fanner carried some eggs to market, for which he 
received $ 2.56, receiving as many cents a dozen as there were 
dozen. How many dozen were there ? 

127. Three men, A, B, and C, are to mow a circular meadow 
containing 9 acres. A is to receive $3, B $4, and C$5 for 
his work. What width must each man mow ? 

128. If the diameter of a cannon ball is 100 times that of 
a bullet, how many bullets will it take to equal the cannon 
ball? 

129. A man sells a cow and a horse for $ 120. He sells the 
horse for $100 more than the cow. What did he sell each for ? 

130. If a man 5| feet tall weighs 166.375 pounds, how 
much will a man 6 feet tall of similar proportions weigh ? 

131. Having sold a house and lot at 4 % commission, I in¬ 
vest the net proceeds in merchandise after deducting my com¬ 
mission of 2% for buying. My whole commission is $50. 
For how much did I sell the house and lot? 

132. A teacher agreed to teach a 10-weeks school for $100 
and his board. At the end of the term, on account of 3 
weeks’ absence caused by sickness, he received only $58. 
What was his board per week ? 

133. In buying a bill of goods, I am offered my choice of 
50, 25, and 5 °f 0 discount, or 5, 25, and 50 % discount. Which 
is better? 

134. The product of two numbers exceeds their difference 
by their sum. Find one of the numbers. 

135. Twice the sum of two numbers plus twice their differ¬ 
ence is 80. What is the greater number ? 

136. One half the sum of two numbers exceeds one half 
their difference by 60. What is the smaller number? 

137. What per cent is gained by selling 13 ounces of coffee 
for a pound ? 


14 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


138. If I sell f of an acre of land for what an acre cost me, 
what per cent do I gain ? 

139. I sold a horse for $ 200, losing 20 °Jo ; I bought another 
and sold it at a gain of 25 % ; I neither gained nor lost on the 
two. What was the cost of each ? 

140. At the time of marriage a wife’s age was f of the age of 
her husband, and 24 years after marriage her age was \\ of the 
age of her husband. How old was each at the time of marriage? 

141. How much water is there in a mixture of 50 gallons of 
wine and water, worth $ 2 per gallon, if 50 gallons of the wine 
costs $250? 

142. A Texas farmer keeps 2100 cows on his farm. For 
every 3 cows he plows 1 acre of ground and for every 7 cows 
he pastures2 acres of land. How many acres are in his farm? 

143. The divisor is 6 times the quotient and i the dividend. 
Find the quotient. 

144. When gold was worth 25 % more than paper money, 
what was the value in gold of a dollar bill ? 

145. I bought 15 yards of ribbon, and sold 10 of them for 
what I paid for all, and the remainder at cost. I gained $ .25 
by the transaction. What did the ribbon cost me ? 

146. If a ball of yarn 6 inches in diameter makes one pair 
of gloves, how many similar pairs will a ball 12 inches in 
diameter make ? 

147. At what time between 4 and 5 o’clock do the hour and 
minute hands of a clock coincide ? 

148. At what time between 2 and 3 o’clock do the hour and 
minute hands of a clock coincide ? 

149. At what time between 2 and 3 o’clock are the hour and 
minute hands of the clock at right angles ? 

150. At what time between 2 and 3 o’clock are the hands 
of a clock exactly opposite each other ? 


ARITHMETICAL PROBLEMS 


15 


151. From 200 hundredths take 15 tenths. 

152. Find the sum of 2324 thousandths and 24,325 hun¬ 
dredths. 

153. A lady at her marriage had her husband agree that if 
at his death they should have only a daughter, she should have 
| of his estate; and if they should have only a son, she should 
have f. They had a son and a daughter. How much should 
each receive, if the estate was worth $23,375 ? 

154. A crew can row 24 miles downstream in 3 hours, but 
requires 4 hours to row back. What is the rate of the current? 

155. What minuend is 80 greater than the subtrahend, which 
is 20 greater than the remainder ? 

156. The G. C. D. of two numbers is 60 and the L. C. M. is 
720. Find the product of the numbers. 

157. In extracting the cube root of a perfect power the oper¬ 
ator found the last complete dividend to be 132,867. Find the 
power. 

158. A merchant marks his goods at an advance of 25 % on 
cost. After selling i of the goods, he finds that some of the 
goods on hand are damaged so as to be worthless; he marks 
the salable goods at an advance of 10 °Jo 011 the marked price 
and finds in the end that he has made 20 % on cost. What 
part of the goods was damaged ? 

159. A king has a horse shod and agrees to pay 1 cent for 
driving the first nail, 2 cents for the second, 4 cents for the 
third, doubling each time. What will the shoeing with 32 
nails cost? 

160. I sold a book at a loss of 25 %. Had it cost me $1 
more, my loss would have been 40 %. Find its cost. 

161. At noon the three hands — hour, minute, and second — 
of a clock are together. At what time will they first be to¬ 
gether again? 


16 


MATHEMATICAL WEINKLES 


162. A train is traveling from one station to another. After 
traveling an hour it breaks down and is delayed for an hour. 
It then proceeds at f of its former speed, and arrives 3 hours 
late. Had it gone 50 miles farther before the breakdown, it 
would have arrived 1 hour and 20 minutes sooner. Find the 
rate of the train and the distance between the stations. 

163. If a cocoanut 4 inches in diameter is worth 5 cents, 
what is the worth of one 6 inches in diameter ? 

164. Prove that the product of the G. C. D. and L.C.M. of 
two numbers is equal to the product of the numbers. 

165. Sum to infinity the series l + J+ j + i-f- •••. 

166. Find the sum of 1+J + J + A-+ •••to infinity. 

167. Find the sum of 4 4- 0.4 + 0.04 -f- ••• to infinity. 

168. What is the distance passed through by a ball before 
it comes to rest, if it falls from a height of 100 feet and re¬ 
bounds half the distance at each fall ? 

169. Two trains start at the same time, one from Jackson¬ 
ville to Savannah, the other from Savannah to Jacksonville. 
If they arrive at destinations 1 hour and 4 hours after passing, 
what are their relative rates of running ? 

170. If sound travels at the rate of 1090 feet per second, 
how far distant is a thundercloud when the sound of the thun¬ 
der follows the flash of lightning after 10 seconds ? 

171. The G.C.D. and the L.C.M. of two numbers between 
100 and 200 are respectively 4 and 4620. Find the numbers. 

172. What three equal successive discounts are equivalent 
to a single discount of 58.8 % ? 

173. How much will the product of two numbers be in¬ 
creased by increasing each of the numbers by 1 ? 

174. I can beat James 4 yards in a race of 100 yards, and 
James can beat John 10 yards in a race of 200 yards. How 
many yards can I beat John in a race of 500 yards? 


ARITHMETICAL PROBLEMS 


17 


175. Three ladies own a ball of yarn 6 inches in diameter. 
What portion of the diameter must each wind off in order to 
divide the yarn equally among them ? 

176. Demonstrate the following: If the greater of two num¬ 
bers is divided by the less, and the less is divided by the 
remainder, and this process is continued till there is no re¬ 
mainder, the last divisor will be the greatest common divisor. 

177. Find the volume of a rectangular piece of ice 8 feet 
long, 7 feet wide, and floating in water, with 2.4 inches of its 
thickness above water, the specific gravity of ice being .9. 

178. Two trains, 400 and 200 feet long respectively, are 
moving with uniform velocities on parallel rails; when they 
move in opposite directions they pass each other in 5 seconds, 
but when they move in the same direction, the faster train 
passes the other in 15 seconds. Find the rate per hour at 
which each train moves. 

179. A boy is running on a horizontal plane directly towards 
the foot of a tree 50 feet in height. When he is 100 feet from 
the foot of the tree, how much faster is he approaching it than 
the top ? 

180. Express 77,610 in the duodecimal scale. 

181. * In what scale is 6 times 7 expressed by 110? 

182. Express Adam’s age at his death in the binary scale. 

183. Add 3152 6 , 4204 6 , 3241 6 , 3103 6 . 

184. Subtract 12,312 5 from 23,024 6 . 

185. Multiply 62,453 r by 325 7 . 

186. Divide 2,034,431 5 by 234 5 . 

187. Extract the square root of 170 9 . 

188. * Extract the cube root of 3120 4 . 

189. How many trees can be set out upon a space 100 feet 
square, allowing no two to be nearer each other than 10 feet ? 


18 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


190. How many stakes can be driven down upon a space 12 
feet square, allowing no two to be nearer each other than 1 
foot ? 

191. Multiply 789,627 by 834, beginning at the left to 
multiply. 

192. Two fifths of a mixture of wine and water is wine; but 
if 10 gallons of water be added to it, then only A of the mix¬ 
ture will be wine. How many gallons of each liquid is in the 
mixture ? 

193. Simplify 

1 


10 + 


1 + 


1 + 


i 


194. 15,600 is the product of three consecutive numbers. 
What are they ? 

195. Eind a number which is as much greater than 1042 as 
it is less than 1236. 


196. Multiply 729,038 by 105,357 using only 3 multipliers. 

197. What is the smallest number to be subtracted from 
10,697 to make the result a perfect cube ? 

198. I wish to reach a certain place at a certain time; if I 
walk at the rate of 4 miles an hour, I shall be 10 minutes late, 
but if I walk 5 miles an hour, I shall be 20 minutes too soon. 
How far have I to walk ? 

199. A wineglass is half full of wine, and another twice 
the size is full. They are then filled up with water, and the 
contents mixed. What part of the mixture is wine, and what 
part water ? 

200. A cork globe 2 feet in diameter, whose specific gravity 
is -gL, is hollowed out and filled with lead whose specific 
gravity is 10. What must be the thickness of the shell of cork 
so that it will sink just even with the surface of the water ? 





ARITHMETICAL PROBLEMS 


19 


201. What temperature will result from mixing 100 pounds 
of ice at 14° F. with 80 pounds of steam at 270° F. ? 

202. It is 1800 miles from A to C, and the “ Sunset Flyer ” 
annihilates the distance in 50 hours. She averages 30 miles 
an hour from A to B, and 55 miles an hour from B to C. 
Locate B. 

203. A square and its circumscribing circle revolve about 
the diagonal of the square as an axis. Compare the volumes 
and surfaces of the solids generated, the diagonal being 6 feet. 

204. The aggregate area of two square fields is 8| acres. 
The side of the second is 10 rods longer than that of the first. 
Ascertain the length of the first. 

205. How high above the earth’s surface (radius 4000 miles) 
w'ould a pound weight weigh but one ounce avoirdupois by 
a scale indicator, corrected for change of elasticity by tem¬ 
perature ? 

206. On a west-bound freight train a man is running east¬ 
ward at the rate of 6 miles an hour, and likewise a man runs 
in the same direction 8 miles an hour on a train going east. 
If the trains pass while running 36 and 22 miles an hour, re¬ 
spectively, how many miles apart are the men at the end of 
one minute from the moment they pass each other ? 

207. A drawer made of inch boards is 8 inches wide, 6 
inches deep, and slides horizontally. How far must it be 
drawn out to put into it a book 4 inches wide and 9 inches 
long? 

208. The dividend is 4352, the remainder 17, which is the 
G.C.D. of the quotient and divisor, whose difference you may 
find. 

209. B paid $9 more than true discount by borrowing 
money at a bank for one year at 12 %. Find the face of the 
note. 


20 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


210. How many feet of inch lumber in a wagon tongue 10 
feet long, 4 inches square at one end and 2 inches by 3 inches 
at the other end ? 

211. How many inch balls can be put in a box which meas¬ 
ures inside 10 inches square and 5 inches deep ? 

212. If the posts of a wire fence around a rectangular field 
twice as long as wide were set 16 feet apart instead of 12 feet, 
it would save 66 posts. How many acres in the field ? 

213. If gold is 19.3 times as heavy as water and copper 8.89 
as heavy, how many times as heavy is a coin composed of 11 
parts of gold and 1 part of copper ? 

214. A ball falls 15 feet and bounces back 5 feet. How far 
will it bound before it comes to rest ? 

215. A borrows $500 from a building and loan association 
and agrees to pay $9.50 per month for 72 months, the first 
payment to be made at the end of the first month. What rate 
of interest does he pay ? The association claims to charge 
only 8 % (the legal rate in Alabama). How can the per cent 
be figured out ? 

216. A rope 50 feet long is fastened to two stakes, driven 40 
feet apart. A calf is fastened to a ring which moves freely on 
this rope. Over what area can the calf graze ? 

217. A metal dog made of gold and silver weighs 8.75 
ounces. Its specific gravity is 14.625, that of gold 19.25, and 
that of silver 10.5. Find the number of ounces of gold in it. 

218. By drilling an inch hole through a cubical block of 
wood parallel to the faces of the block, of the wood was 
cut away. What were the dimensions of the block ? 

219. Find two numbers whose G. C. D. is 24, and L C M 
288 . 

220. Find the greatest number that will divide 364, 414, 
and 539, and leave the same remainder in each case. 


ARITHMETICAL PROBLEMS 


21 


221. Had an article cost me 8% less, the number of per 
cent gain would have been 10 % more. What was the gain ? 

222. At what time between 3 and 4 o’clock will the minute 
hand be as far from 12 on the left side of the dial plate as 
the hour hand is from 12 on the right side ? 

223. A ball whose specific gravity is 3§ measures a foot in 
diameter. Find the diameter of another ball of the same 
weight but with a specific gravity of 2^. 

224. A owes $ 2500 due in two years. He pays $ 500 cash 
and gives a note payable in 8 months, for the balance. Find 
the face of the note, money being worth 6 %. 

225. A man bought a horse for $201, giving his note due 
in 30 days. He at once sold the horse, taking a note for 
$224.40, due in 4 months. What was his rate of gain at the 
time of the sale, interest 6 % ? 

226. The minute hand and the hour hand coincide every 65 
minutes. Does the clock gain or lose, and how much ? 

227. A ball weighing 970 ounces, weighs in water 892 
ounces, and in alcohol 910 ounces. What is the specific 
gravity of alcohol ? 

228. A steamer moves through 8° of longitude daily in ply¬ 
ing to and fro across the Atlantic. How long is it from one 
noon to the next ? 

229. A, B and C raise 165 acres of grain. A owns 100 acres 
of the land and B 65 acres. C pays the others $110 rent. 
How must A and B divide this money if the grain is shared 
equally ? 

230. A silver cup is a hemisphere filled with wine worth 
$1.20 a quart. The value of the cup is 2 dimes for every 
square inch of internal surface, and the cup is worth just as 
much as the wine. What is the value of the cup ? 

231. A ball 12 inches in diameter is rolled around a circular 
room 12 feet in diameter in such a way that it always touches 


22 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


both wall and floor. How many revolutions does the ball 
make in rolling once around the room ? 

232. A man desires to purchase eggs at 5 cents, 1 cent, 
and \ cent, respectively, in such numbers that he will obtain 
100 eggs for a dollar. How many solutions in rational inte¬ 
gers ? 

233. How many board feet in a piece of lumber, 2 inches 
square at one end and at the other end 1 inch by 12 inches, 
if the ends are parallel ? 

234. How many board feet in the above piece of lumber if 
it is 24 feet long ? 

235. Is anything expressed by .J? If so, what? 

236. A man bequeathed to his son all the land he could in¬ 
close in the form of a right-angled triangle with 2 miles of 
fence, the base of the triangle to be 128 rods. How many 
acres did he get? 

237. The distance around a rectangular field is 140 rods, 
and the diagonal is 50 rods. Find its length, breadth, and 
area. 

238. The specific gravity of ice being .918 and of sea water 
1.03, find the volume of an iceberg floating with 700 cubic 
yards above water. 

239. A room is 30 feet long, 12 feet wide, and 12 feet high. 
At one end of the room, 3 feet from the floor, and midway 
from the sides, is a spider. At the other end, 9 feet from the 
floor, and midway from the sides, is a fly. Determine the 
shortest path by way of the floor, ends, sides, and ceiling, 
the spider can take to capture the fly. 

240. A and B are engaged in buying hogs, each paying out 
of his individual funds for hogs purchased by him, and each 
retaining as his individual funds the money received from sales 
made by him. They now wish to form a partnership to cover 


ARITHMETICAL PROBLEMS 


23 


all past transactions and to share equally in the settlement for 
sales and purchases, and also to be equally interested in hogs 
which they have on hand unsold. The following data given: 

A has paid for hogs $1183.35, and received from sales of 
hogs $434.35. 

B has paid for hogs $241.55, and received from sales of hogs 
$619.00. 

Invoice of hogs on hand at this time $511.35. 

How much does A owe B, or B owe A, so that they will have 
shared equally in payments and receipts, and be equally inter¬ 
ested in the hogs on hand ? 

241. The hour, minute, and second hands of a clock turn on 
the same center. At what time after 12 o’clock is the hour 
hand midway between the other two ? The second hand mid¬ 
way between the other two ? The minute hand midway be¬ 
tween the other two ? 

242. My agent sold pork at a commission of 7 %. The pro¬ 
ceeds being increased by $6.20, I ordered him to buy cattle 
at a commission of 3±%. Cattle now declined in price 331 %, 
and I found my total loss, including commissions, to be exactly 
$1002.20. Eind the value of the pork. 

243. A owes $900, due December 10, but he makes two equi¬ 
table payments, one September 8 and the other January 10. 
Eind each payment. 

244. A man, dying, left an estate of $23,480 to his three 
sons, aged 15, 13, and 11 years, to be so divided that each share 
placed at interest shall amount to the same sum as the sons, 
respectively, become 21 years of age. What was each son’s 
share, money being worth 5 % ? 

245. A man spent $100 in buying two kinds of silk at $4.50 
and $4.00 a yard; by selling it at $4.25 per yard he gained 
2 %. How many yards of each did he buy ? 


24 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


246. A lady being asked the time of day replied, “It is 
between 4 and 5 o’clock, and the hour and minute hands are 
together.” What was the time ? 

247. Three men A, B, and C can do a piece of work in 60 
days. After working together 10 days, A withdraws and B 
and C work together at the same rate for 20 days, then B with¬ 
draws and C completes the work in 96 days, working i longer 
each day. Working at his former rate, C alone could do the 
work in 222 days. Find how long it would take A and B each 
separately to do the work. 

248. In a class there are twice as many girls as boys. Each 
girl makes a bow to every other girl, to every boy, and to the 
teacher. Each boy makes a bow to every other boy, to every 
girl, and to the teacher. In all there are 900 bows made. 
How many boys are in the class? 

249. A boy weighing 96 pounds is seated on one end of a see¬ 
saw 16 feet long, and a boy weighing 120 pounds is seated on 
the other end. Find the distance of each boy from the point 
of support, the lengths of the two arms of the plank being 
inversely proportional to the weights at their ends. 

250. Two men are on opposite sides of the center of the 
earth. Find the shortest distance that each will be required 
to go in order to exchange places, provided they travel different 
routes and so travel as to enjoy each other’s company for 500 
miles of the distance. (Radius of earth = 4000 miles.) 

251. A conical wine glass 2 inches in diameter and 3 
inches deep is ^ full of water. What is the depth of the 
water ? 

252. A hollow sphere 8 inches in diameter is filled with 
water. How many hollow cones, each 8 inches in altitude, 
and 8 inches in diameter at the base, can be filled with the 
water in the sphere ? 


ALGEBRAIC PROBLEMS 


1. I am now twice as old as you were when I was your 
age. When you are as old as I now am, the sum of our ages 
will be 100. What are our ages ? 

2. A starts from Gunter to Denton, and at the same time 
B starts from Denton to Gunter; A reaches Denton 32 hours, 
and B reaches Gunter 50 hours, after they meet on the way. 
In how many hours do they make the journey ? 

3. At what time between 10 and 11 o’clock is the second 
hand of a clock one minute space nearer to the hour hand than 
it is to the minute hand? 

4. In walking along a street on which electric cars are 
running at equal intervals from both ends, I observe that I 
am overtaken by a car every 12 minutes, and that I meet one 
every 4 minutes. What are the relative rates of myself and 
the cars, and at what intervals of time do the cars start ? 

5. What are eggs per dozen when 2 less in a shilling’s 
worth raise the price one penny per dozen? 

6. Two men agree to build a walk 100 yards in length for 
$200. They divide the work so that one man should receive 
50 cents more per yard than the other. How many yards 
does each man build, if he receives S100? 

7. Two boats start from opposite sides of a river at the 
same instant, and throughout the journeys to be described 
maintain their respective speed. They pass one another at a 
point just (20 yards from the left shore. Continuing on their 
respective journeys, they reach opposite banks, where each 
boat remains 10 minutes and then proceeds on its return trip. 

25 


26 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


This time the boats meet at a point 400 yards from the right 
shore. What is the width of the river ? 

8. How many acres does a square tract of land contain, 
which sells for $ 160 an acre, and is paid for by the number 
of silver dollars that will lie upon its boundary ? 

9. Two girls, 4 feet apart, walk side by side around a 
circular park. How far does each walk if the sum of their 
distances is 1 mile ? 

10. How many acres are there in a field, the number of 
rails used in fencing the field equaling the number of acres — 
each rail being 11 feet long and the fence 4 rails high ? 

11. Three men are going to make a journey of 40 miles. 
The first can walk at the rate of 1 mile per hour, the second 
walks at the rate of 2 miles per hour, and the third goes in a 
buggy at the rate of 8 miles per hour. The third takes the 
first with him and carries him to such a point as will allow 
the third time to drive back to meet the second, and carry him 
the remaining part of the 40 miles, so as all may arrive at the 
same time. How long will it require to make the journey ? 

12. Two trains, 400 and 200 feet long respectively, are mov¬ 
ing with uniform velocities on parallel rails; when they move 
in opposite directions, they pass each other in 5 seconds, but 
when they move in the same direction, the faster train passes 
the other in 15 seconds. Find the rate per hour at which each 
train moves. 

13. How many minutes is it until 6 o’clock, if 50 minutes 
ago it was 4 times as many minutes past 3 o’clock? 

14. A man bought a gun for a certain price. Now, if he 
sells it for $ 9, he will lose as much per cent as the gun cost. 
Required the cost of the gun. 

15. In a nest were a certain number of eggs; if I had 
brought 1 egg that I didn’t bring, I should have brought f of 


ALGEBRAIC PROBLEMS 


27 


them, and if I had left 2 eggs that I did bring, I should have 
brought half of them. How many eggs were in the nest? 

16. A man sold a lot for $ 144. The number of dollars the 
lot cost was the same as the number of per cent profit. What 
did the lot cost ? 

17. What is the side of a cube which contains as many cubic 
inches as there are square inches in its surface ? 

18. What is the length of one edge of that cube which con¬ 
tains as many solid units as there are linear units in the diag¬ 
onal through the opposite corners ? 

19. The sum, the product, and the difference of the squares 
of two numbers are all equal. Find the numbers. 

20. Upon inquiring the time of day, a gentleman was in¬ 
formed that the hour and minute hands were together between 
4 and 5. What was the time of day ? 

21. An officer wishing to arrange his men in a solid square, 
found by his first arrangement that he had 39 men over. He 
then increased the number of men on a side by 1, and found 
50 men were needed to complete the square. How many men 
did he have ? 

22. A young lady being asked what she paid for her eggs, 
replied, “Three dozen cost as many cents as I can buy eggs for 
36 cents.” What was the price per dozen ? 

23. A cube is formed out of a lot of cubical blocks, 1 foot 
each, and it is found by using 448 more another cube is formed, 
the edge of which is 8 feet. What was the length of an edge 
of the original cube ? 

24. Find two numbers whose product is equal to the differ¬ 
ence of their squares, and the sum of their squares equal to the 
difference of their cubes. 

25. A young lady being asked her age, answered, “ If you 
add the square root of my age to f of my age, the sum will be 
10.” Required her age. 





28 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


26. There is a fish whose head is 9 inches long; the tail is 
as long as the head and \ the body; and the body is as long as 
the head and the tail together. What is the length of the 


fish? 


27. I bought 2 horses for $ 80; I sold them for $80 apiece, 
the gain on the one being 20 % more than on the other. What 
was the cost of each ? 

28. A man has a square lot upon which he wishes to 
build a house facing the street, with a driveway around the 
other three sides. He wants the house to cover the same 
amount of land as the driveway. How wide shall he make 
the driveway, the lot being 100 feet each way ? 

29. An officer can form his men into a hollow square 4 deep, 
and also into a hollow square 6 deep; the front in the latter 
formation contains 12 men fewer than in the former formation. 
Find the number of men. 

30. How must a line 12 inches long be divided into two 
parts so that the rectangle of the whole line and one part shall 
equal the square on the other side ? 

31. Two miners, B and C, have the same monthly wages. 
B is employed 7 months in the year, and his annual expenses 
are $350; C is employed 5 months in the year, and his annual 
expenses are $250. In 5 years B saves the same amount 
that C saves in 7 years. What were the monthly wages of 
each? 


32. 



33. Find the value of x in the equation: 


2(1 4- a? 4 ) = (1 + x)*. 
34. Solve the equation : 

x* + 4 m s x — m 4 = 0. 




ALGEBRAIC PROBLEMS 


29 


Solve the following equations : 
35. x* + y= 11, 


39. Va? + Vy = 5, 

-y/xy= 10. 

40. x + y = 13, 

V* 4- \Acy = 8. 

41. a? 2 4-ary + y 2 = 39, 


2 / 2 + a; = 7. 


36. a^-y = y 2 + a:, 

** + y = 5(a; — y 2 ). 

37. a> + y = 10, 

y^/x= 12 . 

38. a 2 + y 2 = 13, 
y + a?y = 9. 


tf 2 + XZ + Z 2 = 19, 
y 2 + yz + z 2 = 49. 


42. 5 y (x 6 +1) — 3 a^(y 2 + 1) = 0, 
15 fix 1 +1) — x(jf + 1) = 0 . 


43. A farmer being asked how many acres he had, replied, 
“ My land is square. I have plowed just 2 rods wide around, 
and have plowed just \ my land.” How many acres has he ? 

44. From a 10-gallon keg of wine a man filled a jug. He 
then filled the keg with water, and repeated the operation a 
second time, when he found the keg contained equal amounts 
of water and wine. Find the capacity of the jug. 

45. If a certain number is divided by 32, the remainder is 
25; if divided by 25, the remainder is 19; and if divided by 
19, the remainder is 11. What is the number ? 

46. If Dr. A loses 3 patients out of 7; Dr. B, 4 out of 13; 
and Dr. C, 5 out of 19; what chance has a sick man for his 
life, who is dosed by the three doctors for the same disease ? 

47. Said Robin to Richard, “ If ever I come 

To the age that you are, brother mine, 

Our ages united would amount to the sum 
Of years making ninety-nine.” 

Said Richard to Robin, “ That’s certain, and if it be fair 
For us to look forward so far, 

I then shall be double the age that you were, 

When I was the age that you are.” 


30 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


48. A tells the truth 2 times out of 3, B 6 times out of 7, 
and C 4 times out of 5. What is the probability of the truth 
of an assertion that A and B affirm and C denies ? 


49. A plank 16 feet long with a weight of 196 pounds, on 
one end balances across a fulcrum placed 1 foot from the 
196-pound weight. What is the weight of the plank ? 

50. A man desires to purchase eggs at 5 cents, 1 cent, and 
i cent, respectively, in such numbers that he will obtain 100 
eggs for a dollar. How many solutions in rational integers ? 

51. Ann’s brother started to school. On the first day the 
teacher asked him his age. He replied, “ When I was born, 
Ann was J the age of mother and is now ^ as old as father, 
and I am \ of mother’s age. In 4 years I shall be £ as old 
as father.” How old is Ann’s brother ? 


52. Solve for x : 


* 6 = 


2>n+6 . gm-1 . Q(»+l) 2 
3~« 2 +7/»-4 ~ 4(l+m)* ~ 4g0 


-f. (27 n2 -« . 32-fr"*- 1 ). 


53. My wife was born 
June [f 16 IP* - " 1 ' • 

lL(f)UL 2 “ +I 2« ! - 1 JL(2.3 • 3i • 6 2 )i. 

What was her age August 10, 1904 ? 

Note. — Problems 54-67, inclusive, are from Bowser’s 
gebra.” 


, 1887. 


College Al- 


54. Express with positive exponents 

■\/(a ■+■ b) 5 X (a + b)~$. 

55. Extract the square root of 

6 + 2V2 + 2V3 + 2V6. 

56. Extract the square root of 

5+Vio-V6-Vis. 

57. Solve z-l + x~l = 6. 







ALGEBRAIC PROBLEMS 


31 


58. Solve a>* + x* = 1056. 

59. Solve — — - ( a ^-b^)x= - 1 - 

a 3 + $ (ab 2 )~* + (a 2 &)“* 

60. Solve the following: 

6(a^ + y 2 + z 2 ) = 13(* + ?/ + *) = H 1 * 

xy =t 

61. a; 4 4- y 4 = 14 a 2 ?/ 2 , 

a + y = a. 

xy — x — y = 5 4. 


63. «® + y(ajy — 1) = 0, 
i/ 3 — -f 1) = 0. 

64. x* + y 5 = xy(x + y) 3 , 
xy 4 =(x + y)\ 

65. (rf + V)y = (tf + l)A 
(y« + l)x= 9(^ + 1)/. 


66. A offers to run three times round a course while B runs 
twice round, but A gets only 150 yards of his third round fin¬ 
ished when B wins. A then offers to run four times round to B 
three times, and now quickens his pace so that he runs 4 yards 
in the time he formerly ran 3 yards. B also quickens his so 
that he runs 9 yards in the time he formerly ran 8 yards, but 
in the second round falls off to his original pace in the first 
race, and in the third round goes only 9 yards for 10 he went 
in the first race, and accordingly this time A wins by 180 
yards. Determine the length of the course. 


67. On the ground are placed n stones; the distance between 
the first and second is 1 yard, between the second and third 
3 yards, between the third and fourth 5 yards, and so on. 
How far will a person have to travel who shall bring them 
one by one to a basket placed at the first stone ? 


68. Sionius and his wife Lionius sip from the same bowl 
filled with milk. Lionius sips during f of the time which 
Sionius would take to empty the bowl; then Lionius stops and 






32 


MATHEMATICAL WKINKLES 


hands it to Sionius to finish. If both had sipped together, the 
bowl would have been emptied 6 minutes sooner, and Lionius 
would have received § of the milk which Sionius sipped after 
receiving the bowl from Lionius. In what time would Sionius 
and Lionius sipping together empty the bowl ? 

69. Once, in classic days, Silenus lay asleep, a goatskin 
filled with wine near him. Dionysius passing by, profited by 
seizing the skin, and drinking for -J of that time in which 
Silenus alone could have emptied said skin. At this point Si¬ 
lenus awoke, and seeing what was happening, snatched away 
the precious skin, and finished it. 

Now, had both started together, and drunk simultaneously, 
they would have consumed the wine skin in 2 hours less 
time. And, in this case, Dionysius’ share would have been 
i as much as Silenus did secure, by waking and snatching the 
skin. In what time would either one of them alone finish the 
goatskin ? 

70. Three regiments move north as follows: B is 20 miles 
east of A; C is 20 miles south of B, and each marches 20 
miles between the hours of 5 a.m. and 3 p.m. A horseman 
with a message from C starts at 5 a.m. and rides north till he 
overtakes B, then sets a straight course for the point at which 
he calculates to overtake A, then sets a straight course for the 
next point at which he wilFagain overtake B, then rides south 
to B’s starting point, reaching it at the same time as C, namely, 
3 p.m. What uniform rate of travel enabled the messenger to 
do this ? 

71. Three men and a boy agree to gather the apples in an 
orchard for $ 50. The boy can shake the apples in the same 
time that the men can pick them, but any one of the men can 
shake them 25 % faster than the other two men and boy can 
pick them. Find the amount due each. 


GEOMETRICAL EXERCISES 


1. Construct a trapezoid having given the sum of the 
parallel sides, the sum of the diagonals, and the angle formed 
by the diagonals. 

2. If three equal circles are tangent to each other, each to 
each, and inclose a space between the three arcs equal to 200 
square feet, find the diameter of each circle. 

3. An iron rod of a certain length stands against the side 
of a house; if it is pulled out 4 feet at the bottom, the top 
moves down the side of the house a distance equal to i the 
rod. Find the length of the rod. 

4. A circle whose area is 1809.561 square feet is described 
upon the perpendicular of a right triangle as a diameter. 
From the point where the circumference cuts the hypotenuse 
a tangent to the circle is drawn, which cuts the base. If the 
shortest distance from the point of intersection of the tangent 
with the base to the perpendicular is 18 feet, what is the length 
of the hypotenuse? 

5. The number of cubic inches contained by two equal 
opposite spherical segments, together with the number of 
cubic inches contained by the cylinder included between these 
segments, is 600. If this be f of the number of cubic inches 
contained by the whole sphere, find the height of the cylinder. 

6. The sum of the sides of a right-angled triangle is 200 
feet. What is its area, the hypotenuse being 4 times the per¬ 
pendicular let fall upon it from the right angle ? 

33 


34 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


7. In a right-angled triangle the hypotenuse is 100 feet, 
and a line bisecting the right angle and terminating in the 
hypotenuse is 14.142 feet. Find the length of each of the 
other two sides. 

8. Two posts, one of which is 24, and the other 16 feet 
high are 100 feet apart. What is the length of a rope just 
long enough to touch the ground between them, the ends of 
the rope being fastened to the top of each post? 

9. A ladder 30 feet long leans against a perpendicular wall 
at an angle of 30°. How far will its middle point move, pro¬ 
vided the top moves down the wall until it reaches the ground ? 

10. A man owns a piece of land in the form of a right- 
angled triangle. The sum of the sides about the right angle is 
70 feet and their difference equals the length of a line parallel 
to the shorter side, dividing the triangle into two equal parts. 
Determine the length of the shorter side. 

11. Required the greatest right triangle which can be con¬ 
structed upon a given line as hypotenuse. 

12. A man has a lot the shape of which is an equilateral 
triangle, with an area of 60 square rods. How long a rope 
will be required to graze his horse over i the lot, provided he 
ties the rope to a corner post? 

13. An iron ball 3 inches in diameter weighs 8 pounds. 
Find the weight of an iron shell 3 inches thick, whose external 
diameter is 30 inches. 

14. Find the altitude of the maximum cylinder that can be 
inscribed in a cone whose altitude is 9 feet and whose base is 
6 feet. 

15. Construct a plane triangle having given the base, the 
vertical angle, and the bisector of the vertical angle. 

16. How much of the earth’s surface would a man see if he 
were raised to the height of the diameter above it ? 


GEOMETRICAL EXERCISES 


35 


17. To what height must a man be raised above the earth 
in order that he may see \ of its surface ? 

18. What part of the surface of a sphere 20 feet in diameter 
is illuminated by a lamp 100 feet from the surface of the 
sphere ? 

19. If the earth is assumed to be a sphere of 4000 miles 
radius, how far at sea can a lighthouse 110 feet high be seen ? 

20. Determine the sides of an equilateral triangle, having 
given the lengths of the three perpendiculars drawn from any 
point within to the sides. 

21. Find the number of cubic inches of water that a bowl 
will hold, whose shape is that of a spherical segment, 10 inches 
in height, the diameter of the top being 40 inches. 

22. Find the side of the largest cube that can be cut from 
a globe 24 inches in diameter. 

23. Which is the greater — 3 solid inches, or 3 inches solid ? 

24. Three men living 60 miles from one another wish to dig 
a well that will be the same distance from each of their homes. 
Where must they dig the well ? 

25. Bisect a given quadrilateral by a straight line drawn 
through a vertex. 

26. One arm of a right triangle is 30 feet and the perpen¬ 
dicular from the vertex of the right triangle to the hypotenuse 
is 24 feet. Find the area of the triangle. 

27. Three chords, lengths 6, 8, and 10, just go around in a 
semicircle. Find the radius of the circle. 

28. A cone, a half globe, and a cylinder, of the same base 
and altitude, are as* 1: 2 : 3. 

29. Two sides of a triangle are 3 feet* and 8 feet, respec¬ 
tively, and inclose an angle of 60°. Find the third side. 


36 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


30. A rectangular garden is 40 feet by 60 feet. It is sur¬ 
rounded by a road of uniform width, the area of which is 
equal to the area of the field. Find the width of the road. 

31. The sum of the two crescents made by describing semi¬ 
circles outward on the two sides of a right triangle and a semi¬ 
circle toward them on the hypotenuse, is equivalent to the 
right triangle. 

32. Prove that the circle through the middle points of the 
sides of a triangle passes through the feet of the perpendicu¬ 
lars from the opposite vertices, and through the middle points 
of the segments of the perpendiculars included between their 
point of intersection and the vertices. 

33. What is the volume of the frustum of a sphere, the 
radius of whose upper base is 3 feet and lower base 4 feet, and 
altitude 1 foot ? 

34. If a circle rolls on the inside of a fixed circle of double 
the radius, find the length of the path that any fixed point in 
the circumference of the moving circle will trace out. 

35. Find the diameter of a circle inscribed in a triangle 
whose sides are 6, 8, and 10 feet, respectively. 

36. Find the diameter of a circle circumscribed about a 
triangle whose sides are 6, 8, and 10 feet, respectively. 

37. What is the area of an equilateral triangle whose sides 
are 100 inches ? 

38. What is the area of a tetragon (square) whose sides are 
100 inches ? 

39. What is the area of a regular pentagon whose sides are 
100 inches ? 

40. What is the area of a regular hexagon whose sides are 
10 feet? 


GEOMETRICAL EXERCISES 


37 


the area of a regular heptagon whose sides are 

the area of a regular octagon whose sides are 

the area of a regular nonagon whose sides are 

the area of a regular decagon whose sides are 

the area of a regular undecagon whose sides 

the area of a regular dodecagon whose sides 

side of an inscribed square of a triangle whose 
base is 10 feet and altitude 4 feet. 

48. Find the diameter of a circle of which the height of an 
arc is 6 inches and the chord of half the arc is 10 inches. 

49. Find the height of an arc, when the chord of the arc is 
10 inches and the radius of the circle is 8 inches. 

50. Find the chord of half an arc, when the chord of the 
arc is 20 feet and the height of the arc is 2 feet. 

51. Find the chord of half an arc, when the chord of the 
arc is 10 inches and the radius of the circle is 8 inches. 

52. Find the side of a circumscribed polygon, when the side 
of a similar inscribed polygon is 10 feet and the radius of the 
circle is 30 feet. 

53. A log 10 feet long, 2 feet in diameter at one end and 
3 feet at the other, is rolled along till the larger end describes 
a circle. Find the diameter of the circle. 

54. At the extremities of the diameter of a circular park 
stand two electric light posts, one 12 feet high and the other 
18 feet high. What points on the circumference of the park 


41. What is 
10 feet ? 

42. What is 
10 feet ? 

43. What is 
10 feet ? 

44. What is 
10 feet ? 

45. What is 
are 10 feet ? 

46. What is 
are 10 feet? 

47. Find the 


38 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


are equidistant from the tops of the posts, the diameter of the 
park being 100 feet ? 

55 . What is the circumference of the largest circular ring 
that can be put in a cubical box whose edge is 4 feet ? 

56. What is the side of the largest square that can be in¬ 
scribed in a semicircle whose diameter is 2v/5 feet? 

57 . What is the volume of the largest cube that can be 
inscribed in a hemisphere whose diameter is 3 feet ? 

58. In a triangle whose base is 30 inches and altitude 18 
inches a square is inscribed. Find its area. 

59 . Two equal circles of 10-inch radii are described so that 
the center of each is on the circumference of the other. Find 
the area of the curvilinear figure intercepted between the two 
circumferences. 

60. Two equal circles of 8 -inch radii intersect so that 
their common chord is equal to their radius. Find the area 
of the curvilinear figure intercepted between the two cir¬ 
cumferences. 

61. Find the area of a zone whose altitude is 4 feet on a 
sphere whose radius is 10 feet. 

62. Find the volume of a segment of a sphere whose altitude 
is 1 foot and the radius of the base 2 feet. 

63. Mr. Brown has a plank of uniform thickness 10 feet 
long, 12 inches wide at one end and 5 inches at the other. How 
far from the large end must it be cut straight across so that the 
two parts shall be equal ? 

64. Having given the lesser segment of a straight line 
divided in extreme and mean ratio, to construct the whole line. 

65. Find the volume of a spherical shell whose two surfaces 
are 64 7 r and 36 7 r. 

66 . To construct a triangle having given the three medians. 


GEOMETRICAL EXERCISES 


39 


67. Two sides of a quadrilateral lot run east 216 feet and 
north 63 feet. If the other two sides measure 135 and 180 feet, 
respectively, what is its area in square yards ? 

68. If the perimeter of a right triangle is 240 rods and the 
radius of the inscribed circle 20 rods, what are the sides ? 


69. On a hillside which slopes 11 feet in 61 feet of its 
length, stands an upright pole. If this pole should break at 
a certain point and fall up hill, the top would strike the 
ground 61 feet from the base of the pole; but if it should fall 
down hill, its top would strike the ground 48< 


base of the pole. Find the length of the pole. 

70. A house and barn are „ 

Mouse 4 

25 rods apart. The house 

| -- 

is 12 rods and the barn 5 

Bam 

rods from a brook running ” 

in a straight line. What is 

i 

1 

j 

l 

the shortest distance one 

Brook 

must walk from the house 


to get a pail of water from the brook and carry it to the barn ? 


71. Construct geometrically the square root of any number, n. 

72. Construct a triangle having given the base, the median 
upon the base, and the difference between the base angles. 


73. A man owning a rectangular field 300 feet by 600 feet, 
wishes to lay out driveways of equal width having the diago¬ 
nals of the field as center lines, and such that the area of the 
driveways shall be i of the area of the field. Determine the 
width of the driveways. 

74. Two ladders 14 feet apart at their base touch each 
other at the top. Each is inclined the same, and a round 
10 feet up on either side is as far from the top as it is 
from the base of the other ladder. Get the length of the 
ladders. 





40 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


75. A tree 123 feet high breaks off a certain distance up, 
and the moment the top strikes a stump 15 feet high the 
broken part points to a spot 108 feet from the base of the 
tree. Find the length of the part broken off. 

76. Divide a triangle into three equivalent parts by lines 
drawn from a point P within the triangle. 

77. From a point P without a circumference, to draw a 
secant which is bisected by the circumference. 

78. To construct a triangle having given the three feet of 
the altitudes. 

79. If from any point in the circumference of a circle per¬ 
pendiculars be dropped upon the sides of an inscribed triangle 
(produced, if necessary), the feet of the perpendiculars are in 



a straight line. 


80. Inside a square 10-acre lot a cow was tethered to the 
fence at a point 1 rod from the corner by a rope just long 
enough to allow her to graze over an acre of ground. How 
long was the rope ? 

81. From any point P in the bisector of the angle A in 
a triangle ABC , perpendiculars PA', PB', PC' are drawn to 
the three sides. Prove PA' and B'C' intersect in the median 
from A. 

82. If the bisectors of two angles of a triangle are equal, the 
triangle is isosceles. 

83. In a right triangle the bisector of the right angle also 
bisects the angle between the perpendicular and the median 
from the vertex of the right angle to the hypotenuse. 

84. Find the locus of a point the sum or the difference of 
whose distances from two fixed straight lines is given. 

85. The bisector of an angle of a triangle is less than half 
the sum of the sides containing the angle. 


GEOMETRICAL EXERCISES 41 

86. The difference between the acute angles of a right triangle 
is equal to the angle between the median and the perpendicu¬ 
lar drawn from the vertex of the right angle to the hypotenuse. 

87. A hollow rubber ball is 2 inches in diameter and the 
rubber is T 3 ^- inch thick. How much rubber would be used 
in the manufacture of 1000 such balls ? 

88. Having given two concentric circles, draw a chord of the 
laiger circle, which shall be divided into three equal parts by 
the circumference of the smaller circle. 

89. The distances from a point to the three nearest corners 
of a square are 1 inch, 2 inches, and 2J inches. Construct the 
square. 

90. Draw a chord of given length through a given point, 
within or without a given circle. 

91. Find the greatest segment of a line 10 inches long, when 
it is divided in extreme and mean ratio. 

92. In a quadrilateral ABCD , AB = 10, BC = 17, CD = 13, 
DA — 20, and AC = 21. Find the diagonal BD. 

93. To divide a trapezoid into two similar trapezoids by a 
line parallel to the base. 

94. From a given point in a circumference, to draw a chord 
that is bisected by a given chord. 

95. In a given line AB, to find a point C such that AC: BC 
= 1 : V2. 

96. From a given rectangle to cut off a similar rectangle by 
a line parallel to one of its sides. 

97. Find the locus of a point in space the ratio of whose 
distances from two given points is constant. 

98. Find the locus of a point whose distance from a fixed 
straight line is in a given ratio to its distance from a fixed 
plane perpendicular to that line. 


42 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


99. Any point in the bisector of a spherical angle is equally 
distant from the sides of the angle. 

100. If any number of lines in space meet in a point, the feet 
of the perpendiculars drawn to these lines from another point 
lie on the surface of a sphere. 

101. If the angles at the vertex of a triangular pyramid are 
right angles, and the lateral edges are equal, prove that the 
sum of the perpendiculars on the lateral faces from any point 
in the base is constant. 

102. A plane bisecting two opposite edges of a regular 
tetraedron divides the tetraedron into two equal polyedrons. 

103. The volume of a truncated triangular prism is equal to 
the product of the lower base by the perpendicular on the 
lower base from the intersection of the medians of the upper 
base^ 

104. The point of intersection of the perpendiculars erected 
at the middle of each side of a triangle, the point of intersec¬ 
tion of the three medians, and the point of intersection of the 
three perpendiculars from the vertices to the opposite sides are 
in a straight line; and the distance of the first point from the 
second is half the distance of the second from the third. 

105. Three circles are tangent externally at the points A, 
B, and C, and the chords AB and AC are produced to cut the 
circle BC at D and E. Prove that DE is a diameter. 

106. A cylindrical bucket without a top is 6 inches in cir¬ 
cumference and 4 inches high. On the inside of the vessel 
1 inch from the top is a drop of honey, and on the opposite side 
of the vessel 1 inch from the bottom, on the outside, is a fly. 
How far will the fly have to go to reach the honey ? 

107. P is any point on the circumcircle of an equilateral 
triangle ABC\ AP , BP meet BC, CA respectively in X, Y. 
Prove BX • A Y is constant. 


GEOMETRICAL EXERCISES 


43 


108. Find the locus of all points from which two unequal 
circles subtend equal angles. 

109. Show that any two perpendicular lines terminated by 

the opposite sides of a square are equal to one another, and by 
this property show how to escribe a square to a given quadri¬ 
lateral. ^ 

110. If the incircle passes through the centroid of the tri- 
angle, find the relation between the sides a, b, and c. 

111. If through a point 0 within a triangle ABC parallels 
EF, GH, IK to the sides be drawn, the sum of the rectangles 
of their segments is equal to the rectangle contained by the 
segments of any chord of the circumscribing circle passing 
through 0. 

112. If two chords intersect at right angles within a circle, 
the sum of the squares on their segments equals the square on 
the diameter. 

113. If from a point A, without a circle, two secants, ACD 
and AGK, are drawn, the chords CK and DG intersect on the 
chord of contact of the tangents from the point A to the circle. 

114. If from a given point without a given circle any num¬ 
ber of secants are drawn, the chords joining the points of 
intersection of the secants with the circle all cross on the same 
straight line. 

115. To draw a tangent from a given external point to a 
given circle by means of a ruler only. 

116. Of all polygons constructed with the same given sides, 
the cyclic polygon is the maximum. 

117. The square on the side of a regular inscribed pentagon 
is equal to the square on the side of a regular inscribed hexa¬ 
gon, plus the square on the side of a regular inscribed decagon. 

118. The area of an inscribed regular dodecagon is three 
times the square of the radius of the circle. 


44 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


119. The square of the side of an inscribed equilateral tri¬ 
angle is equal to the sum of the squares of the sides of an 
inscribed square and inscribed regular hexagon. 

120. Construct a circumference equal to three times a given 
circumference. 

121. Construct a circle equivalent to three times a given 
circle. 

122. If ABCD be a cyclic quadrilateral, and if we describe 
any circle passing through the points A and B, another through 
B and C , a third through C and D, and a fourth through D 
and A ; these circles intersect successively in four other points, 
E, F, G, H, forming another cyclic quadrilateral. 

123. Construct a triangle, given the altitude, the median, 
and the angle bisector, all from the same vertex. 

124. Prove that the circumcircle of a triangle bisects each 
of the six segments determined by the incenter and the three 
excenters of the triangle. 

125. If A, B, Care three collinear points, and if K is any 
other point, prove that the circumcenters of the triangles KBC, 
KCA , and KAB are concyclic with K. 

126. If the diameter of a circle be divided into any number 

of segments, and circumferences be de- 
7^1 scribed upon these segments as diameters, 
40 the sum of these circumferences is equal to 
/ the circumference of the original circle. 

/w • 

/<? 127. I own a square garden as shown in 

the above diagram. Within the garden 
^ stands a tree 30 feet, 40 feet, and 50 feet 

respectively from three successive corners. How much land 
have I ? 



GEOMETRICAL EXERCISES 


45 


The Famous Nine-Point Circle. 

128. (a) If a circle be described about the pedal triangle of 
any triangle, it will pass through the middle points of the 
lines drawn from the orthocenter to the vertices of the triangle, 
and through the middle points of the sides of the triangle, in 
all, through nine points. 

(6) The center of the nine-point circle is the middle point of 
the line joining the orthocenter and the center of the circum- 
circle of the triangle. 

(c) The radius of the nine-point circle is half the radius of 
the circumcircle of the triangle. 

(d) The centroid of the triangle also lies on the line join¬ 
ing the orthocenter 
and the center of 
the circumcircle of 
the triangle, and 
divides it in the 
ratio of 2:1. 

(e) The sides of 
the pedal triangle 
intersect the sides 
of the given tri¬ 
angle in the radi¬ 
cal axis of the cir¬ 
cumscribing and 
nine-point circles. 

(/) The nine- 
point circle is tan¬ 
gent to the in¬ 
scribed and es¬ 
cribed circles of 
the triangle. 

Let ABB be any triangle; A', B\ D', the projections of the 
vertices on the opposite sides; H, J> K, the mid-points of OA , 


E 




46 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


OB, OD, respectively, 0 being the orthocenter. Let L, M, N 
be the mid-points of the sides. Join F, E, and D. The A A'B'D' 
is called the pedal triangle. The nine points A 1 , N, K, D', H, B\ 
J ‘ L, M are concyclic; and the circle through them is the nine- 
point circle of the triangle. 

For the proofs of these theorems, see “Finkel’s Mathematical 
Solution Book ” and the monograph, “Some Noteworthy Prop¬ 
erties of the Triangle and Its Circles/’ by Dr. W. H. Bruce, 
president of the North Texas State Normal School, Denton. 

129. If from any point in either side of a right triangle, a 
line is drawn perpendicular to the hypotenuse, the product of 
the segments of the hypotenuse is equal to the product of the 
segments of the side plus the square of the perpendicular. 

130. A, B, and C are fixed points. Describe a square with 
one vertex at A, so that the sides opposite to A pass through 
B and C. 

131. If ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral, prove that the cen¬ 
ters of the circles inscribed in triangles ABC, BCD, CDA, 
DAB are the vertices of a rectangle. 

132. A round hole one foot in diameter is cut through a 
sphere 20 inches in diameter. Find the volume of the part 
remaining, the axes of the hole passing through the center of 
the sphere. 

133. Given the incenter, circumcenter, and one excenter of 
a triangle, construct it. 

134. Divide the triangle whose sides are 7, 15, 20 into two 
equivalent parts by a radius of the circumcircle. 

135. Construct a triangle, given its altitude and the radii of 
the inscribed and circumscribed circles. 

136. In the semicircle ABCD express the diameter AD in 
terms of the chords AB, BC, and CD. 


GEOMETRICAL EXERCISES 


47 


137. On one side of an equilateral triangle describe out¬ 
wardly a semicircle. Trisect the arc and join the points of 
division with the vertex of the triangle. Find the ratio of the 
segments of the diameter. 

138. If a , bj c are the sides of a triangle, and 5 (a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ) 
= 6 ( ab -f be + ac), show that the incircle passes through the 
centroid of the triangle. 

139. If through the vertices of any inscribed polygon tan¬ 
gents are drawn forming a circumscribed polygon, the con¬ 
tinued product of the perpendiculars from any point in the 
circle on the sides of the inscribed polygon is equal to the con¬ 
tinued product of the perpendiculars from the same point on 
the sides of the circumscribed polygon. 

140. A lot 100 feet long and 60 feet wide has a walk ex¬ 
tending from one corner halfway around it, and occupying 
one third of the area. Required the width of the walk. A 
geometrical construction is desired. 

141. Construct a triangle, having given the vertical angle, 
the sum of the three sides, and the perpendicular. 

142. Prove that the dihedral angle of a regular octahedron is 
the supplement of the dihedral angle of a regular tetrahedron. 

143. Given the three diagonals of an inscriptible quadrilat¬ 
eral, to construct the quadrilateral. 

144. Pis a point on the minor arc AB of the circumcircle of 
the regular hexagon ABODE P; prove that PE -f- PD = PA 
+ PB + PC + PF. 

145. In a right triangle the hypotenuse is 17 and the diam¬ 
eter of the inscribed circle 6. Another equal circle is described 
touching the base produced and the hypotenuse; how far apart 
are the centers of the two circles ? 

146. Two equal circular discs are to be cut out of a rectan¬ 
gular piece of paper, 9 inches long and 8 inches wide. What 
is the greatest possible diameter of the discs ? 


MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS 


1. A seed is planted. Suppose at the end of 2 years it 
produces a seed, and one each year thereafter; each of these 
when 2 years old produces a seed yearly. All the seeds 
produced do likewise. How many seeds will be produced in 
20 years ? 

2. If a 4-inch auger hole be bored diagonally through a 12- 
inch cube, what will be the volume displaced, the axis of the 
auger hole coinciding with the diagonal of the cube ? 

3. I have a circular orchard 110 yards in diameter. How 
many trees can be set in it so that no two shall be within 16 
feet of each other, and no tree within 5 feet of the fence ? 

4. What is the convex surface and volume of a cylindric 
ungula whose least length is 5 feet, greatest length 13 feet, the 
radius of the base being 1£ feet ? 

5. What is the length of the arc whose chord is 16 feet and 
height 6 feet ? 

6. Find the area of a sector, having given the chord of the 
arc equal to 16 feet, and the height of the arc equal to 6 feet. 

7. What is the area of a segment whose base is 6 feet and 
height 2 feet ? 

8. Find the volume of an iron rod 2 inches in diameter and 
10 feet from end to end containing a loop whose inner diameter 
is 4 inches. 

9. What is the area of a circular zone, one side of which 
is 30 inches and the other 40 inches, and the distance between 
them 10 inches ? 


48 


MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS 


49 


10. The shell of a hollow iron ball is 4 inches thick, and 
contains of the number of cubic inches in the whole ball. 
Find the diameter of the ball. 

11. A rope 60 feet long wraps around two trees 6 feet and 
10 feet in diameter, respectively, and crosses between them. 
Find the distance between their centers. 

12. On the tire of a wheel 4 feet in diameter is a black 
spot. How far does the spot move while the wheel makes 4 
revolutions ? 

13. A fly lights on the spoke of a carriage wheel 4 feet in 
diameter, 1 foot up from the ground. How far will the fly 
have traveled when the wheel has made 2 revolutions on a 
level plane? 

14. An eagle and a sparrow are in the air; the eagle is 100 
feet above the sparrow. If the sparrow flies straight forward 
in a horizontal line, and the eagle flies twice as fast directly 
towards the sparrow, how far will each fly before the sparrow 
is caught? 

15. A cow is tethered to the corner of a barn 25 feet square, 
by a rope 100 feet long. How many square feet can she 
graze ? 

16. A solid cube weighs 300 pounds. If a power is applied 
at an angle of 45° at an upper edge of the cube, how many 
foot pounds will be required to overturn the cube ? 

17. A tree 110 feet high, standing by the side of a stream 
100 feet wide, is broken by a storm; the fallen part is unde¬ 
tached from the stump, and its top rests 10 feet above the 
water and points directly to the opposite shore. How high is 
the stump ? 

18. At the edge of a circular lake 1 acre in area stands a 
tree. What length of rope, tied to this tree, will allow a horse 
to graze upon \ of an acre ? 


50 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


19. A horse is tied to a stake in the circumference of a 
6-acre field. How long must the rope be to allow him to graze 
over just 1 acre inside the field ? 

20. What is the longest piece of carpet 3 feet wide, cut 
square at the ends, that can be put in a room 16 feet by 20 
feet ? 

21. The fore wheel and the hind wheel of a carriage are 12 
feet and 15 feet in circumference, respectively; a rivet in the tire 
of each is observed to be up when the carriage starts. How far 
will each rivet have moved when they are next up together ? 

22. A log 40 inches in diameter is to be sawed by four men. 
What part of the diameter must each man saw to do ^ of the 
work ? 

23. What is the length of a chord cutting off the fourth 
part of a circle whose radius is 10 feet ? 

24. Find the length of a chord cutting off the third part of 
a circle whose diameter is 40 feet. 

25. A tree 80 feet high was broken in a storm so that the 
top struck the ground 40 feet from the foot of the tree. If 
the tree remained in contact, what was the length of the path 
through which the top of the tree passed in falling to the 
ground ? 

26. By boring through the center of a wooden ball, with an 
auger 4 inches in diameter, i of the solid contents of the ball 
is displaced. Find the diameter of the ball. 

27. Find the diameter of an auger that will displace i of 
the solid contents of a ball 5 feet in diameter, by boring 
through its center. 

28. Three horses are tethered each to a rope 42 feet in length 
to the corners of an equilateral triangle whose side is 80 feet. 
Over how many square feet can each graze, provided they are 
at no time upon the same ground ? 


MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS 


51 


29. How many acres of water can a man see, standing on a 
ship, with his eyes just 14 feet above the water, when there is 
no land in sight ? 

30. In a farmer’s pasture is located a triangular house, the 
length of each side being 10 yards. The farmer wishing to 
graze his horse finds that stakes are not plentiful and decides 
to tie the rope to one corner of the house. If the rope is long 
enough to allow the horse to graze 30 yards from the corner of 
the house, over how much ground can the horse graze ? 

31. Three men wish to carry each ^ of an 8-foot log of uni¬ 
form size and density. Where must the hand stick be placed so 
that the one at the end of the log and the others at the ends of 
the stick shall each carry equal weights ? 

32. If three equal circles are tangent to each other, each to 
each, and inclose a space between the three arcs equal to 100 
square inches, find their radius. 

33. If three equal circles are tangent to each other, each to 
each, with a radius of 10 inches, find the area of the space 
inclosed between the three arcs. 

34. If 4 acres pasture 40 sheep 4 weeks, and 8 acres pasture 
56 sheep 10 weeks, how many sheep will 20 acres pasture 50 
weeks, the grass growing uniformly all the time ? 

35. A rabbit 60 yards due east of a hound is running due 
south 20 feet per second; the hound gives chase at the rate of 
25 feet per second. How far will each run before the rabbit 
is caught ? 

36. How many fruit trees can be set out upon a space 100 
feet square, allowing no two to be nearer each other than 10 feet ? 

37. How many stakes can be driven down upon a space 12 
feet square, allowing no two to be nearer each other than 1 
foot ? 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


52 


38. The sum of the sides of a triangle is 100. The angle at 
A is double that at B, and the angle at B is double that at C. 
Find the sides. 

39. A conical glass 4 inches in diameter and 6 inches in 
altitude, is filled with water. How much water will run out if 
it be turned through an angle of 45° ? 

40. At what latitude is the circumference of a parallel half 
that of the equator, regarding the earth a perfect sphere ? 

41. The difference between the circumscribed and inscribed 
squares of a circle is 72. What is the area of the circle? 

42. A drawer made of inch boards is 8 inches wide, 6 inches 
deep, and slides horizontally. How far must it be drawn out 
to put into it a book 4 inches thick, 6 inches wide, and 9 
inches long ? 

43. With what velocity must a pail of water be whirled 
over the head to prevent the water from falling out, the radius 
of the circle of revolution being 4 feet ? 

44. Two hunters killed a deer, and wishing to ascertain its 
weight they placed a rail across a fence so that it balanced 
with one on each end. They then exchanged places, and the 
lighter man taking the deer in his lap, the rail again balanced. 
Find the weight of the deer, the hunters’ weights being 160 
and 200 pounds. 

45. At each corner of a square pasture whose sides are 100 
feet a cow is tied with a rope 100 feet long. What is the area 
of the part common to the four cows ? 

46. Find the volume generated by the revolution of a circle 
10 feet in diameter about a tangent. 

47. Find the volume generated by revolving a semicircle 
20 inches in diameter about a tangent parallel to its diam¬ 
eter. 


MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS 


53 


48. A circle of 10 inches radius, with an inscribed regular 
hexagon, revolves about an axis of rotation 20 inches distant 
from its center and parallel to a side of the hexagon. Find the 
difference in area of the generated surfaces. 

49. Find the difference in the volumes of the two generated 
solids. 

50. An equilateral triangle rotates about an axis without it, 
parallel to, and at a distance 10 inches from one of its sides. 
Find the surface thus generated, a side of the triangle being 
4 inches. 

51. A rectangle whose sides are 6 inches and 18 inches is 
revolved about an axis through one of its vertices, and parallel 
to a diagonal. Find the surface thus generated. 

52. Find the surface of a square ring described by a square 
foot revolving round an axis parallel to one of its sides and 
4 feet distant. 

53. Find the volume generated by an ellipse whose axes are 
40 inches and 60 inches, revolving about an axis in its own 
plane whose distance from the center of the ellipse is 100 
inches. 

54. What power acting horizontally at the center of a wheel 
4^- feet in diameter and weighing 270 pounds, will draw it over 
a cylindrical log 6 inches in diameter, lying on a horizontal 
plane ? 

55. Find the volume generated by the revolution of a circle 
2 feet in diameter about a tangent. 

56. Find the surface generated by the revolution of a circle 
2 feet in diameter about a tangent. 

57. Find the surface and volume of a cylindric ring, the 
diameter of the inner circumference being 12 inches and the 
diameter of the cross section 16 inches. 


54 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


58. Eind the surface and volume of the segment of the same 
cylindric ring, if a plane is passed perpendicular to its axis, 
and at a distance of 4 inches from the center. 

59. A galvanized cistern is 8 feet in diameter at the top, 
10 feet at the bottom, and 10 feet deep. A plane passes from 
the top on one side to the bottom on the other side. What is 
the volume of the part contained between this plane and the 
base? 


60. A wineglass in the form of a frustum of a cone is 

4 inches in diameter at the top, 2 inches at the bottom, and 

5 inches deep. If, when full of water, it is tipped just so that 
the raised edge at the bottom is visible, what is the volume of 
the water remaining in the glass ? 

61. To what depth will a sphere of cork, 2 feet in diameter, 
sink in water, the specific gravity of cork being .25 ? 

62. The diameter of two equal circular cylinders, intersecting 
at right angles, is 3 feet. What is the surface common to both? 

63. In digging a well 4 feet in diameter, I come to a log 
4 feet in diameter lying directly across the entire well. What 
was the contents of the part of the log removed ? 


64. What is the volume of a solid formed by two cylindric 
rings 2 inches in diameter, whose axes intersect at right angles 
and whose inner diameters are 10 inches ? 

65. Find the area of a circular lune or crescent 
ABCD\ the chord AC =10 feet; the height 
EB — ‘d feet; and the height ED =2 feet. 

66. Eind the circumference of an ellipse, the 
transverse and conjugate diameters being 80 
inches and 30 inches. 

67. The axes of an ellipse are 60 inches and 20 
inches. What is the difference in area between the ellipse and 
a circle having a diameter equal to the conjugate axis ? 




MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS 


55 


68. What is the area of a parabola whose base, or double 
ordinate, is 30 inches and whose altitude, or height, is 20 
inches ? 

69. What is the area of a cycloid generated by a circle 
whose radius is 6 feet ? 

70. Two men, A and B, started from the same point at the 
same time; A traveled southeast for 10 hours, and at the rate 
of 10 miles per hour, and B traveled due south for the same 
time, going 6 miles per hour; they turned and traveled directly 
towards each other at the same rates respectively, till they 
met. How far did each man travel ? 

71. In front of a house stand two pine trees of unequal 
height; from the bottom of the second to the top of the first a 
rope 80 feet in length is stretched, and from the bottom of the 
first to the top of the second a rope 100 feet in length is 
stretched. If these ropes cross 10 feet above the ground, find 
the distance between the trees. 

72. To trisect any angle. 

73. A grocer has a platform balance the ratio of whose arms 
is 9 to 10. If he sells 20 pounds of merchandise to one man, 
weighing it on the right-hand pan, and 20 pounds to another 
man, weighing it on the left-hand pan, what per cent does he 
gain or lose by the two transactions ? 

74. A and B carry a fish weighing 54 pounds hung between 
them from the middle of a 10-foot oar. One end of the oar 
rests on A’s shoulder, but the other end is pushed 1 foot be¬ 
yond B’s shoulder. What part of the weight does each carry ? 

75. A half-ounce bullet is fired with a velocity of 1400 feet 
per second from a gun weighing 7 pounds. Find the velocity 
in feet per second with which the gun begins to recoil, and the 
mean force in pounds’ weight that must be exerted to bring it 
to rest in 4 inches. 


56 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


76. A bullet fired with a velocity of 1000 feet per second 
penetrates a block of wood to a depth of 12 inches. If it were 
fired through a plank of the same wood, 2 inches thick, what 
would be its velocity on emergence, assuming the resistance of 
the wood to the bullet to be constant ? 

77. * A horse is tied to one corner of a rectangular barn 30 
by 40 feet. What is the surface over which the horse can 
range if the rope with which he is tied is 80 feet long ? 

78. * How many acres are there in a circular tract of land, 
containing as many acres as there are boards in the fence 
inclosing it, the fence being 5 boards high, the boards 8 feet 
long, and bending to the arc of a circle ? 

79. * A thread passes spirally around a cylinder 10 feet high 
and 1 foot in diameter. How far will a mouse travel in unwind¬ 
ing the thread if the distance between the coils is 1 foot ? 

80. A string is wound spirally 100 times around a cone 
100 feet in diameter at the base. Through what distance will 
a duck swim in unwinding the string, keeping it taut at all 
times, the cone standing on its base at right angles to the sur¬ 
face of the water ? 

81. * After making a circular excavation 10 feet deep and 
6 feet in diameter, it was found necessary to move the center 
3 feet to one side, the new excavation being made in the form 
of a right cone having its base 6 feet in diameter and its apex 
in the surface of the ground. Required the total amount of 
earth removed. 

82. * A 20-foot pole stands plump against a perpendicular 
wall. A cat starts to climb the pole, but for each foot it 
ascends, the pole slides one foot from the wall; so that when 
the top of the pole is reached, the pole is on the ground at 
right angles to the wall. Required the distance through which 
the cat moved. 


* These problems are from “ Finkel’s Solution Book.” 


MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS 


57 


83. A tree 96 feet high was broken by the wind in such a 
manner that the top struck the ground 36 feet from the foot of 
the tree. If the parts remained connected at the place of 
breaking, forming with the ground a right triangle, how high 
was the stump ? 

84. The distance around a rectangular field is 140 rods, and 
the diagonal is 50 rods. Find its length, breadth, and area. 

85. The area of a rectangular field is 30 acres, and its diag¬ 
onal is 100 rods. Find its length and breadth. 

86. Two trees of equal height stand upon the same level 
plane, 60 feet apart and perpendicular to the plane. One of 
them is broken off close to the ground by the wind, and in fall¬ 
ing it lodges against the other tree, its top striking 20 feet 
below the top of the other. Find the height of the trees. 

87. A square field contains 10 acres. From a point in one 
side, 10 rods from the corner, a line is drawn to the opposite 
side cutting off 6^ acres. How long is the line ? 

88. Find the edge of the largest hollow cube, having the- 
shell three inches in thickness, that can be made from a board 
42i feet long, 2 feet wide, and 3 inches thick. 

89. A circular farm has two roads crossing it at right angles 
40 rods from the center, the roads being 60 and 70 rods re¬ 
spectively, within the limits of the farm. Find the area of the 
farm. 

90. The longest straight line that can be stretched in a cir¬ 
cular track is 200 feet in length. Find the area of the track. 

91. From the two acute angles of a right triangle lines are 
drawn to the middle points of the opposite sides; their respec¬ 
tive lengths are V73 and V52 feet. Find the sides of the 
triangle. 

92. A wheel of uniform thickness, 4 feet in diameter, stands 
in the mud 1 foot deep. What fraction of the wheel is out of 
the mud ? 


MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS 


- ^ 1. Mary is 24 years old. She is twice as old as Ann was 

when Mary was as old as Ann is now. How old is Ann ? 

2. There is a great big turkey that weighs 10 pounds and 
a half of its weight besides. What is its weight ? 


3. With 6 matches form 4 equilateral triangles, the side 
of each being equal to the length of a match. 

4. One tumbler is half full of wine, another is half full of 
water. From the first tumbler a teaspoonful of wine is taken 
out and poured into the tumbler containing the water. A 
teaspoonful of the mixture in the second tumbler is then trans¬ 
ferred to the first tumbler. As the result of this double trans¬ 
action is the quantity of wine removed from the first tumbler 
greater or less than the quantity of water removed from the 
second tumbler ? 


5. (i) Take any number; (ii) reverse the digits; (iii) find 
the difference between the number formed in (ii) and the 
given number; (iv) multiply this difference by any number 
you please; (v) cross out any digit except a naught; (vi) give 
me the sum of the remaining digits, and I will give you the 
figure struck out. 

6. (i) Take any number; (ii) add the digits; (iii) sub¬ 
tract the sum of the digits from the given number; (iv) cross 
out any digit except a naught; (v) give me the sum of the 
remaining digits, and I will give you the figure struck out. 

58 



MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS 


59 


7. Given a plank 12 inches square, required to cover a 
hole in a floor 9 inches by 16 inches, cutting the plank into 
only two pieces. 

8. Place four 9’s in such a manner that they will exactly 
equal 100. 


9. The square is 8 inches by 8 inches. By forming the 
latter figure out of the four parts of the square it is found to be 



10. A teamster brought 5 pieces of chain of 3 links each to 
a blacksmith, and asked the cost of making them into one piece 
of chain. The blacksmith replied, “I charge 2 cents to cut 
a link and 2 cents to weld a link.” The teamster remarked 
that as it would require 4 cuts and 4 welds the charge would 
be 16 cents. “ No, you are mistaken,” said the blacksmith, 
“ I figure it but 12 cents.” Who was right ? 

11 - The Hare and the Hound 

A hare is 10 rods before a hound, and the hound can run 
10 rods while the hare runs 1 rod. Prove that the hound will 
never catch the hare. 

Proof. — When the hound runs 10 rods the hare has gone 
1 rod. When the hound goes the 1 rod the hare has run 
of a rod, and when the hound has run the of a rod the hare 
















































60 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


has run of a rod, and so on. Therefore, the hare is always 
a fraction of a rod ahead of the hound, and hence the hound 
will never catch the hare. 

12. To prove that 1 equals 2. 

Let ® = 1. 

Then x 2 = x. 

x 2 — 1 = x — 1. 

Factoring, (x -f 1)(» — 1) = x — 1. 

Dividing, x -f-1 = 1. 

But 2 = 1. Therefore 1 = 2. 


13. A Young Lady to Her Lover— 

I ask you, sir, to plant a grove 
To show that I’m your lady love. 

This grove though small must be composed 
Of twenty-five trees in twelve straight rows. 

In each row five trees you must place 
Or you shall never see my face. 

14. In going from A to B, through mistake I take the road 
going via (7, which is nearer A than B and is 12 miles to the 

c 



left of the road I should have traveled. After reaching B I 
find that I have traveled 35 miles. Find the distances from A 
to B, A to (7, and C to B, each being an integer. 

15. A room is 30 feet long, 12 feet wide, and 12 feet high. 
On the middle line of one of the smaller side walls and 1 foot 
from the ceiling is a fly. On the middle line of the opposite 
wall and 1 foot from the floor is a spider. The fly being 
paralyzed by fear remains still until the spider catches it by 
crawling the shortest route. How far did the spider crawl ? 




MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS 


61 


16. A train 1 mile long starts from the station at Glady. 
The engine leaves the station and the conductor waits until the 
caboose comes, when he jumps on the caboose and walks for¬ 
ward over the train. When the engine reaches the next station, 
Oxley, 4 miles distant from Glady, the conductor steps off 
the engine. How far does the conductor ride and how far does 
he walk ? 

17. Zeno’s Paradoxes on Motion 

(а) Since an arrow cannot move where it is not, and since 
also it cannot move where it is (in the space it exactly fills), it 
follows that it cannot move at all. 

(б) The idea of motion is inconceivable, for what moves 
must reach the middle of its course before it reaches the end. 
Hence the assumption of motion presupposes another motion, 
and that in turn another, and so ad infinitum. 

18. I have only $2 when approached by a friend whom 
I owe $2. The friend asks for what I owe him, so I give 
him the $2 and remark that it is all my money. My friend 
sympathizing with me in my poverty, hands me back a dollar 
and says, “ I will mark your account paid.” What per cent did 
I gain by the transaction ? 

19. What Were Our Ages When Married? 

When first the marriage knot was tied between my wife 

and me, 

Her age did mine as far exceed, as three plus three does three; 
But when three years and half three years we man and wife 
had been, 

Our ages were in ratio then as twelve is to thirteen. 



112 yd. 

20. Find the value of the above lot at $ 1 per square yard. 



62 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


21. How much dirt is there in a hole the dimensions of 
which are an inch ? 

22. Which is correct to say, Five and six are twelve, or to 
say, Five and six is twelve ? 

23. Three men, A, B, and C, wish to divide $60 among 
themselves so as to receive a third, fourth, and fifth, respec¬ 
tively. How much should each receive ? 

24. A, B, and C are in partnership. They own 17 sheep. 
They wish to divide them, — one to get j, one to get and 
the other to get i. How can this be done without killing a 
sheep ? 

25. If 6 cats eat 6 rats in 6 minutes, how many cats will it 
take to eat 100 rats in 100 minutes ? 

26. A man who owned a piece of land in the form of a 
square, decided to divide it among his wife and four sons, so 
as to give his wife \ in the shape of a square in one corner 
and to give the remaining } to his sons. He divided the land 
so that each son received the same amount of land and the four 
pieces were similar. How did he divide it ? 

27. A philosopher had a window a yard square, and it let in 
too much light. He blocked up one half of it, and still had a 
square window a yard high and a yard wide. Show how he did it. 

28. Why does it take no more pickets to build a fence 
down a hill and up another than in a straight line from top to 
top, no matter how deep the gully ? 

. 29. A room with eight corners had a cat in each corner, 
seven cats before each cat, and a cat on every cat’s tail. How 
many cats were in the room ? 

30. (i) Take any number of three unequal digits; (ii) re. 
verse the order of the digits; (iii) subtract the number so 
formed from the original number; (iv) give me the last digit 
of the difference, and I will give you the difference. 


MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS 


63 


31. Select any two numbers, each of which is less than 10. 
(i) choose either of them and multiply it by 5; (ii) add 7 to 
the result; tin) double this result; (iv) to this add the other 
number; (v) give me the result, and I will give you the numbers 
originally selected, and also tell you which one you multiplied 
by 5. 

32. (i) Take any number of three unequal digits, in which 
the first and last differ by not less than 2; (ii) form a new 
number by reversing the order of the digits; (iii) take the dif¬ 
ference between these two numbers; (iv) form another num¬ 
ber by reversing the order of the digits in this difference; 
find the sum of the results in (iii) and (iv). The sum will be 
1089. 

33. Write down a number of three or more figures, divide 
by 9, and name the remainder; erase one figure of the number, 
divide by 9, and tell me the remainder, and I will tell you what 
figure you erased. 

34. Let a person write down a number greater than 1 and 
not exceeding 10; to this I will add a number not exceeding 
10, alternately with him; and, although he has the advantage 
in putting down the first number, I will reach the even hundred 
first. 

35. A boy bought a pair of boots for S 2 and gave a S 10 
bill in payment. The merchant had a friend change the bill, 
and gave the boy his change. The boy left the city with the 
boots and the $8. The friend returned the bill, saying it was 
a counterfeit, and the merchant had to give him good money 
for it. What was the merchant’s loss ? 

36. A man having a fox, a goose, and a peck of corn is 
desirous of crossing a river. He can take but one at a 
time. The fox will kill the goose and the goose will eat the 
corn if they are left together. How can he get them safely 
across ? 


64 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


37. Suppose a hole to be cut through the earth, and a ball 
dropped into this hole, what would be the behavior of the ball? 
and where would it come to rest and how ? 


38. A man died leaving his wife and four 
children a piece of land as shown in the figure. 
The wife is to have i in the shape of a tri¬ 
angle. The children’s parts are to be similar, 
and equal in size. How must the land be 
divided ? 



39. With what four weights can you weigh any number of 
pounds from 1 to 40 ? 

40. Can you plant 19 trees in 9 rows with 5 trees to the 
row ? 

41. Do figures ever lie ? 

42. Can you multiply feet by feet and get square feet? 

43. A hunter walked around a tree to kill a squirrel; the 
squirrel kept behind the tree from the hunter. Did he go 
around the squirrel ? 

44. A Fallacy. 

Let x be a quantity which satisfies the equation 


e x = — 1. 


Squaring both sides, e 2x = 1. 



But e* = — 1 and e° = 1. .•.—1 = 1. 


45. I have $ 10,000. If T spend half of this sum to-day and 
half of the remainder each day following, in how many days 
will I have no money? 

46. In the diagram, DEF is a railroad with two sidings, DBA 
and FCA, connected at A. The portion of the rails at A which 



MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS 


65 


is common to the two sidings is long enough to permit of a 
single car like P or Q, running in or out of it; but it is too 



short to contain the whole of an engine like R. Hence if an 
engine runs up one siding, such as DBA , it must come back 
the same way. 

Car No. 1 is .placed at B, car No. 2 is placed at C, and an 
engine is placed at E. 

By the use of the engine interchange the cars, without 
allowing any flying shunts. 




12 

11 


3 4 47. Given twelve coins arranged as in the 

* figure. Can you move them so as to have 
£ five on a side instead of four, not being 

allowed to introduce other coins or to de- 

6 

• stroy the given square? 


^ 48. A and B have an 8-gallon cask of wine 

and wish to divide it into two equal parts, 
have are 


The only measures they 
3-gallon cask. How can they di¬ 
vide it? 

49. I bought a horse for $90, 
sold it for $ 100, and soon repur¬ 
chased it for $80. How much did 
I make by trading ? 

50. Stick six pins in the dots so 
that no two are connected by a 
straight line. 


5-gallon cask and a 















66 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


51. Let x and y be two unequal numbers, and let z be their 
arithmetical mean. 

Then, x -f y = 2 z. 

••• 0 + y)(* -y) = 2z{x- y). 

.*. x 2 — y 2 = 2 xz — 2 yz. 

.*. x 2 — 2 xz = y 2 — 2 yz. 

.*. ar — '2 xz + z 2 = y 2 — 2 yz -f- z 2 . 

(® - *) 2 = (y - z) 2 . 
x — z = ?/ - z. 

.*• x = y- 

52. To prove —1=1. 

First solution: -. 

cA — 

(- a^) 2 = (a^) 2 . 

.*. — a = a. 

-1 = 1 . 

Second solution: (— l) 2 = 1. 

2 log (-1) = log 1 = 0. 

- 1 = e°. 

But e° = 1. .*.-1=1. 

53. With the seven digits, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 0, express 
three numbers whose sum is 82, each digit being used only 
once, and the use of the usual notations for fractions being 
allowed. 

54. With the ten digits, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, express 
numbers whose sum is unity, each digit being used only 
once. 

55. With the nine digits, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, express 
four numbers whose sum is 100, each digit being used only 
once. 

56. With the ten digits, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, express 
zero, each digit being used only once. 


MATHEMATICAL RECREATION'S 


67 


57. With the ten digits, 9, 8, 7, 6, 6, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, express 
three numbers whose sum is each digit being used only 
once. 

58. In the accompanying diagram 
the letters stand for various towns and 
the lines indicate the only possible 
paths by which a person may travel. 

Show how a person may start from 
any town and go to every other town 
once, and only once, and return to 
the initial town. 

59. An oar is a lever of what class ? 

60. A man hires a livery team to drive from A to C via B 
and return for $3. At B, midway between A and C, he 
takes a passenger to C and back to B. What should he charge 
the passenger ? 

61. Put down the figures from 1 to 9, leaving out the 8, thus : 

12345679 

Select any one of the figures, multiply it by 9, then multiply 
the whole row by that product. Tell me what your answer is, 
and I will tell you what number you selected. 

62. Say to one person : 

“ Think of a number less than 10; double it; add 16 ; divide 
by 2; subtract your first number, and your answer is 8.” 

Say to another: 

“Think of a number less than 10; double it; add 9; divide 
by 2; subtract your first number, and your answer is 4±-.” 

You can go on indefinitely, giving these mental exercises, no 
two alike, to each one in a large audience, and announce the 
answer as quickly as they get it themselves. The secret is 
this : the final answer is always half the number you tell them 
to add. 


T 



68 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


63. If a hen and a half laid an egg and a half in a day and 
a half, how many eggs would 7 hens lay at the same rate in 6 
days ? 

64. What is the shortest distance that a fly will have to go, 
crawling from one of the lower corners of a room to the op¬ 
posite upper corner, the room being 20 feet long, 15 feet 
wide, and 10 feet high ? 

65. If a man charges $2 for sawing a cord of wood 3 
feet long into 3 pieces, what should he charge for sawing a 
cord of wood 6 feet long into pieces the same length ? 

66. Three boys having 10, 30, and 50 apples visit a city and 
sell them at the same rate and receive the same amount for 
them. How much do they receive for the apples and at what 
rate do they sell them ? 

67. When a boy see-saws on the long end of a plank he bal¬ 
ances against 16 bricks, but if he sits on the shorter arm of the 
plank and places the bricks on the other end he balances 
against just 11. Find the boy’s weight if a brick weighs equal 
to a three-quarter brick and three quarters of a pound. 

68. A switch to a single-track railroad is just long enough 
to clear a train of 19 cars and a locomotive. How can two 
trains of 19 cars and a locomotive each, going in opposite 
directions, pass each other, if a third train of equal length 
stands on the switch, without dividing a train ? 

69. A boy was sent to a spring with a 5 and a 3 quart measure 
to procure exactly 4 quarts of water. How did he measure it ? 

70. What is the greatest number which will divide 27, 48, 
90, and 174 and leave the same remainder in each case? 

71. There is in the floor of a granary a hole 2 feet in width 
and 15 feet in length. How can it be entirely covered with a 
board 3 feet wide and 10 feet long, by cutting the board only 
once? 


MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS 


69 


72. What part of \ square yard is \ yard square? 

73. Can you take 1 from 19 and get 20 ? 

74. If an egg weighs 8 ounces and half an egg, what does 
an egg and a half weigh ? 

75. How would you arrange the figures 8, 6, and 1 so that 
the whole number formed will be divisible by 9 ? 

76. What three figures multiplied by 4 will make precisely 
5? 

77. Mr. Jackson owns a square farm the area of which is 20 
acres; near each corner stands a large tree which is upon a 
neighbor’s land. How may he add to his farm so as to have a 
square farm containing 40 acres and still not own the land 
upon which the trees stand ? 

78. A gentleman rented a farm, and contracted to give a 
landlord f of the produce; but prior to the dividing of the 
corn, the tenant used 45 bushels. When the general division 
was made, it was proposed to give to the landlord 18 bushels of 
the heap, in lieu of his share of the 45 bushels which the tenant 
had used, and then to begin and divide the remainder as though 
none had been used. Would the method have been correct ? 

79. What is the difference between half a dozen dozen, and 
six dozen dozen ? 

80. What is the difference between twice twenty-five and 
twice five and twenty ? 

81. Ix2x3x4x5x6x7x8x9x0 = ? 

82. If you were required to sell apples by the cubic inch, 
how would you find the exact number of cubic inches in a 
dozen dozen ? 

83. A man who has only two rows of corn hires A and B to 
hoe them. A hoes three hills on B’s row and then begins on 
his own row. B finishes his row and hoes six hills on A’s row, 


70 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


when they find the work is finished. Which man hoes the 
more and how much more, the rows containing the same 
number of hills ? 

84. Two ducks before a duck, two ducks behind a duck, and 
a duck in the middle, are how many ducks ? 

85. Can you write'30 with 3 equal figures ? 

86. Add 1 to 9 and make it 20. 

87. Twenty-one ears of corn are in a hollow stump. How 
long will it take a squirrel to carry them all out if he carries 
out 3 ears a day ? 

88. In the bottom of a well 45 feet in depth there was a 
frog who commenced traveling toward the top. In his journey 
he ascended 3 feet every day, but fell back 2 feet every night. 
In how many days did he get out of the well ? 

89. How many quarter-inch blocks will it take to fill an 
inch hole ? 

90. Cut a piece of cardboard 12J inches long by 2 inches 
wide into 4 pieces in such a manner as to form a perfect square, 
without waste. 

91. A man and his wife, each weighing 150 pounds, with 
two sons, each weighing 75 pounds, have to cross a river in a 
boat which is capable of carrying only 150 pounds’ weight. 
How will they get across ? 

92. Two men laid a wager as to which could eat the more 
oysters; one ate ninety-nine, and the other a hundred and 
won. How many did both together eat ? 

93. Thrice naught is naught, what is the third of infinity ? 

94. If \ of 20 is 4, what will \ of 10 be ? 

95. If the third of 6 be 3, what must the fourth of 20 be ? 

96. Write 24 with 3 equal figures, neither of them being 8 . 


MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS 


71 


97. If you cut 30 yards of cloth into one-yard pieces, and 
cut 1 yard every day, how long will it take ? 

98. What number is that when multiplied by 18, 27,36, 45, 
54, 63, 72, 81, and 99 gives a product in which the first and 
last figures are the same as those in the multiplier, and when 
multiplied by 9, and 90, gives a product in which the last 
figures are the same as those of the multiplier ? 

99. Three market women, having severally 10, 30, and 
50 oranges, sold them at the same rate, and received the same 
amount of money. What were the rates and the amounts each 
received ? 

100. Suppose a steamer in rapid motion and on its deck a 
man jumping. Can he jump farther by leaping the way the 
boat is moving, or in the opposite direction ? 

101. After killing a certain number of cattle, it was found 
that twenty fore feet remained. How many head were killed? 

102. Can you write 27 with two equal figures ? 

103. When is a number divisible by 9? 

104. Find the figure that may be placed anywhere in, or 
before, or after, the number 302,011, and make it divisible by 9. 

105. In a lot where there are some horses and grooms, can 
be counted 82 feet and 26 heads. How many horses and 
grooms are in the lot ? 

106. If a herring and a half cost a penny and a half, how 
much will 11 herring cost? 

107. What number is it when divided by 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6, 
there is a remainder of 1, but when divided by 7, there is no 
remainder? 

108. A cord passing over a pulley hung to a pair of cotton 
scales, suspended from a beam, has a 150-pound weight fas¬ 
tened to one end and the other fastened to an immovable iron 


72 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


stake. How much will the scales register? How much more 
will they register if a 100-pound, weight is hung to a loop in 
the cord halfway between the pulley and the stake ? 

109. Why can a fat man swim more easily than a lean one? 

110. A rifle ball thrown against a board standing edgewise 

will knock it down; the same 
bullet fired at the board will 
pass through it without disturb¬ 
ing its position. Why is this? 

111. Can you mark seven 
numbers by moving on a 
straight line from one number 
to another, as in the figure, 
marking the number you move 
to? Do not start twice from 
the same number. 

112. The sum of four figures in value will be 
About seven thousand nine hundred and three; 

But when they are halved, you’ll find very fair, 

The sum will be nothing, in truth, I declare. 

113. A fisherman, being asked the depth of a lake, replied: 
<< This pole when standing on the bottom reaches one foot out 
of the water, but if the top is moved through an arc of 30°, 
it becomes level with the surface of the water.” How deep 
is the lake? 

114. What is the shape of a square inch ? Of an inch square ? 

115. What integer added to itself is greater than its square ? 

116. What number added to itself is equal to its square? 

117. What number is it that can be multiplied by 1, 2, 3, 4, 
5, or 6, and no new figures appear in the results? 

118. 3 + 3-3 + 3x3-3-t3x0 = ? 







MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS 73 

119. Write any number of yards, feet, and inches. Reverse 
this and subtract from the original. Reverse the remainder 
and add to the remainder. The sum will in every case be 12 
yards, 1 foot, 11 inches. The number of inches first written 
should not exceed the number of yards. 

120. The Numbers 37 and 73 

When the number 37 is multiplied by each of the figures of 
arithmetical progression, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, all the 
products which result from it are composed of three repeti¬ 
tions of the same figure; and the sum of those figures is equal 


to that by which 

you 

multiplied 

the 37. 


37 

37 


37 

37 

37 

3 

6 


9 

12 

15 

111 

222 


333 

444 

555 

37 


37 


37 

37 

18 


21 


24 

27 

666 


777 


888 

999 


If the number 73 be multiplied by each of the numbers of 
arithmetical progression, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, the six 
products which result from this multiplication are terminated 
by one of the nine different figures, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. 
These figures will be found in the reverse order to that of the 
progression. 

121. Arrange the figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 so their 
sum will be 100. 

122. Arrange the first sixteen digits in a square so that 
they may count 34 in every straight line. 

123. Arrange the figures 1 to 9, inclusive, in a triangle so 
as to count 20 in every straight line. 

124. Arrange the figures 1 to 9, inclusive, in a circle, using 
one in the center, so as to count 15 in every straight line. 


74 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 

125. Arrange the figures 1 to 19, inclusive, in a circle, using 
one in the center, so as to count 30 in every straight line. 

126. Arrange the figures 1 to 9, inclusive, in a triangle, so 
as to count 17 in every straight line. 

127. Arrange the figures 1 to 9, inclusive, in a square so as 
to count 15 in every straight line. 


25 

6 

7 

24 

3 

4 

10 

17 

12 

22 

5 

15 

13 

11 

21 

8 

14 

9 

16 

18 

23 

20 

19 

2 

1 


A Bordered Magic Square 


129. “ If you multiply the number of Jacob’s sons by the 
number of times which the Israelites compassed Jericho, and 
add to the product the number of measures of barley which 
Boaz gave Ruth, divide this by the number of Haman’s sons, 
subtract the number of each kind of clean beasts that went 
into the ark, multiply by the number of men that went to 
seek Elijah after he was taken to heaven; subtract from this 
Joseph’s age at the time he stood before Pharaoh, add the 
number of stones in David’s bag when he killed Goliath; 
subtract the number of furlongs that Bethany was distant 
from Jerusalem, divide by the number of anchors cast out 
when Paul was shipwrecked, subtract the number of persons 
saved in the ark, and the answer will be the number of pupils 
in my Sunday-school class.” How many pupils are in the 
class ? 











MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS 


75 


130. yj Magic Age Table 


1 

2 

4 

8 

16 

32 

3 

3 

5 

9 

17 

33 

5 

6 

6 

10 

18 

34 

7 

7 

7 

11 

19 

35 

9 

10 

12 

12 

20 

36 

11 

11 

13 

13 

21 

37 

13 

14 

14 

14 

22 

38 

15 

15 

15 

15 

23 

39 

17 

18 

20 

24 

24 

40 

19 

19 

21 

25 

25 

41 

21 

22 

22 

26 

26 

42 

23 

23 

23 

27 

27 

43 

25 

26 

28 

28 

28 

44 

27 

27 

29 

29 

29 

45 

29 

30 

30 

30 

30 

46 

31 

31 

31 

31 

31 

47 

33 

34 

36 

40 

48 

48 

35 

35 

37 

41 

49 

49 

37 

38 

38 

42 

50 

50 

39 

39 

39 

43 

51 

51 

41 

42 

44 

44 

52 

52 

43 

43 

45 

45 

53 

53 

45 ‘ 

46 

46 

46 

54 

54 

47 

47 

47 

47 

55 

55 

49 

50 

52 

56 

56 

56 

51 

51 

53 

57 

57 

57 

53 

54 

54 

58 

58 

58 

55 

55 

55 

59 

59 

59 

57 

58 

60 

60 

60 

60 

59 

59 

61 

61 

61 

61 

61 

62 

62 

62 

62 

62 

63 

63 

63 

63 

63 

63 


Key to Table. — Add together the figures at the top of each 
column in which the age is found, and the sum will be the age 
sought. Example: Hand the table to a lady and request her 
to tell you in which column or columns her age is found; if 
she says the first, fourth, and fifth, you can say it is 25 by 
mentally adding together the first figures of those three col¬ 
umns, and so on for any age up to 63. 


76 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


131 . How to Tell a Person’s Age 

Let the person whose age is to be discovered do the figuring. 
Suppose, for example, if it is a girl, that her age is 16, and 
that she was born in May. Let her put down the number of 
the month in which she was born and proceed as follows: 


Number of month. 5 

Multiply by 2.10 

Add 5.15 

Multiply by 50 750 

Then add her age, 16.766 

Then subtract 365, leaving .... 401 

Then add 115.516 


She then announces the result, 516, whereupon she may be 
informed that her age is 16, and May, or the fifth month, is the 
month of her birth. The two figures to the right in the result 
will always indicate the age, and the remaining figure or figures 
the month in which her birthday comes. 

132 . A, B, and C were a mile at sea when a rifle was fired 
on shore. A heard the report, B saw the smoke, and C saw 
the bullet strike the water near them. Who first knew of the 
discharge of the rifle ? 

133 . A Queer Trick of Figures 

Put down the number of your living brothers. 

Double the number. 

Add 3. 

Multiply the result by 5. 

Add the number of your living sisters. 

Multiply the result by 10. 

Add the number of dead brothers and sisters. 

Subtract 150 from the result. 

The right-hand figure will be the number of deaths. 

The middle figure will be the number of living sisters. 

The left-hand figure will be the number of living brothers. 









MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS 77 

134. Find perfect square numbers, each containing all the 
10 digits, under the following conditions: 

(1) The least square possible. 

(2) The greatest square containing no repeated digit. 

(3) The least square which, when reversed, is still a square. 

(4) The least square which is unaltered by reversal. 

135. A house and a barn are 20 rods apart; the house is 
10 rods and the barn 6 rods from a straight brook. What is 
the length of the shortest path by which one can go from the 
house to the brook and take water to the barn ? 

136. A and B dig a ditch for $ 10; A can dig as fast as B 
can shovel out the dirt, and B can dig twice as fast as A can 
shovel. How should they divide the $ 10 ? 

137. Three Series of Remarkable Numbers 

1x9 plus 1 = 10 
12 x 9 plus 2 = 110 
123 x 9 plus 3 = 1110 
1234x 9 plus 4 = 11110 
12345 x 9 plus 5 = 111110 
123456 x 9 plus 6 = 1111110 
1234567 x 9 plus 7 = 11111110 
12345678 x 9 plus 8 = 111111110 
123456789 x 9 plus 9= 1111111110 

1x9 plus 2 = 11 
12 x 9 plus 3 = 111 
123x9 plus 4 = 1111 
1234 x9 plus 5 = 11111 
12345x9 plus 6 = 111111 
123456 x 9 plus 7 = 1111111 
1234567 x 9 plus 8 = 11111111 
12345678 x 9 plus 9 = 111111111 
123456789 x 9 plus 10 =1111111111 


78 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


1X8 plus 1 = 
12 x 8 plus 2 : 
123 x 8 plus 3 
1234 x 8 plus 4: 
12345 x 8 plus 5 ; 
123456 X 8 plus 6 
1234567 x 8 plus 7 
12345678 x 8 plus 8 
123456789 X 8 plus 9 


9 

98 
= 987 
: 9876 
:98765 
:987654 
:9876543 
= 98765432 
= 987654321 


138. At 10 a.m. a train leaves London for Edinburgh run¬ 
ning at 50 miles an hour. At the same time another train 
leaves Edinburgh for London, traveling at 40 miles an hour. 
Which train is nearer London when they meet ? 

139. The asterisks in the incomplete sum printed below 
indicate missing figures. Eind all the missing figures. 

1*32271 

52*4 

63**74 

88*47 

305417 

2*3547* 

4,107,303 

140. Determine the missing digits in the following sum in 
multiplication: 

1*46 

*5 

6730 

107*8 

114,410 


141. In a long division sum the dividend is 529,565, and the 
successive remainders from the first to the last are 246, 222, 
and 542. Eind the divisor and the quotient. 





MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS 


79 


142. The sum of two numbers consisting of the same three 
digits in reverse order is 1170, and their difference is divisible 
by 8. Find the numbers. 

143. A girl was given a number to multiply by 409, but she 
placed the first figure of her product by 4 below the second 
figure from the right instead of below the third. Her answer 
was wrong by 328,320. Find the multiplicand. 

144. I have a board 1^ inches thick, whose surface 
contains 49f square feet. Find the edge of a cubical box 
made of it. 

145. Write one billion by the Roman notation. 

146. Each of two sons inherit 30 %, and each of two daugh¬ 
ters 20%, of a parallelogrammatic plantation, containing 100 
acres, and having an open ditch on its long diagonal. The 
four divisions are to corner somewhere in the ditch, and each 
is to have a side of the plantation in its boundary. Locate 
this common corner. 

147. Why is the difference between any common number 
of three digits and one containing the same digits in reversed 
order, always divisible by 9, 11, and the difference of the ex¬ 
treme digits ? 

148. Required with six 9’s to express the number 100. 

149. The Lucky Number 

Many persons have what they consider a “ lucky ” number. 
Show such a person the row of figures subjoined: 

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9 

(consisting of the numerals from 1 to 9 inclusive, with the 8 
only omitted), and inquire what is his lucky or favorite num¬ 
ber. He names any number he pleases from 1 to 9, say 7. 
You reply that, as he is fond of sevens, he shall have plenty 
of them, and accordingly proceed to multiply the series above 


80 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 

given by such a number that the resulting product consists of 
sevens only. 

Required to find (for each number that may be selected) the 
multiplier which will produce the above result. 

150. Eather and son are aged 71 and 34 respectively. At 
what age was the father three times the age of his son ? and 
at what age will the latter have reached half his father’s age ? 

151. There is a number consisting of two digits; the num¬ 
ber itself is equal to five times the sum of its digits, and if 
9 be added to the number, the position of its digits is re¬ 
versed. What is the number ? 

152. The Expunged Numerals 

Given the sum following: 

111 

333 

555 

777 

999 

Required, to strike out nine of the above figures, so that the 
total of the remaining figures shall be 1111. 

153. A Grayson County widower married a Denton County 
widow; each had children. Ten years later a domestic tornado 
prevailed in the back yard in which the present family of a 
dozen children were involved. Mother to father: “Your chil¬ 
dren and my children are picking at our children.” If the 
parents now have each nine children of their own, how many 
came into the family in these ten years ? 

154. Some of the numbers differing from their logarithms 
only in the position of the decimal point. 

log 1.3712885742 = .13712885742 
log 237.5812087593 = 2.375812087593 
log 3550.2601815865 = 3.5502601815865 


MATHEMATICAL KECREATIONS 


81 


155. Consecutive numbers whose squares have the same 
digits: 

13 2 = 169 157 2 = 24649 913 2 = 833569 
14 2 = 196 158 2 = 24964 914 2 = 835396 

156. To arrange the ten digits additively so as to make 100. 

157. Express the numbers from 1 to 30 inclusive by using 
for each number four 4’s. 

158. Invert the figures of any three-place number; divide 
the difference between the original number and the inverted 
number by 9; and you may read the quotient forward or 
backward. 

159. Write a number of three or more places, divide by 9, 
and tell me the remainder; erase one figure, not zero, divide 
the resulting number by 9, tell me the remainder, and I will 
tell you the figure erased. 

160. Can a fraction whose numerator is less than its de¬ 
nominator be equal to a fraction whose numerator is greater 
than its denominator ? 

161. Show why 8 must be a factor of the product of any 
two consecutive even numbers. 

162. A and B take a job of digging potatoes for $ 5. B can 
pick up as fast as A digs, but if B digs and A picks them, B 
must begin digging ^ day before A begins picking, in order 
that each may complete his work at the same time. How 
shall they divide the money ? 

163. A and B are employed to dig a ditch 100 rods long for 
$ 200. A is to get $ 1.75 per rod and B $2.25 per rod. How 
much will each have to dig so as to be entitled to an equal 
share of the money ? 

164. If an egg balances with three quarters of an egg and 
three quarters of an ounce, find the weight of an egg. 


82 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


165. A farmer had six pieces of chain of 5 links each, 
which he wanted made into an endless piece of 30 links. 
If it costs a cent to cut a link and costs a cent to weld it, what 
did it cost him ? 

166. A vessel of water full to the brim weighs 20 pounds. 
A 5-pound live fish is put into the vessel. Has the weight 
of the vessel of water been increased or diminished ? 

167. What is the most economical form of a tank designed 
to hold 1000 cubic inches ? 

168. “ Johnnie, my boy,” said a successful merchant to his 
little son, “ it is not what we pay for things, but what we get 
for them that makes good business. I gained ten per cent on 
that fine suit of clothes, while if I had bought it ten per cent 
cheaper and sold it for twenty per cent profit, it would have 
brought a quarter of a dollar less money. Now, what did I 
get for that suit ? ” 

— From “ Our Puzzle Magazine.” 

169. While discussing practical ways and means with his 
good wife, Farmer Jones said: “Now, Maria, if we should sell 
off seventy-five chickens as I propose, our stock of feed would 
last just twenty days longer, while if we should buy a hundred 
extra fowl, as you suggest, we would run out of chicken feed 
fifteen days sooner.” How many chickens had they ? 

— From “ Our Puzzle Magazine.” 

170. Suppose that a bird weighing 1 ounce flies into a box 
with only one small opening, and without resting continues to 
fly round and round in the box; does it increase or lessen the 
weight of the box ? 

171. John can weed a row of potatoes while James digs 
three; but James can weed a row while John digs a row. If 
they get $10 for their work, how should it be divided between 
them ? 


MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS 


83 


172 . The Watch Trick 

The following is a well-known way of indicating on a watch 
dial an hour selected by a person. The hour is tapped by a 
pencil beginning at YII and proceeding backwards round the 
dial to VI, V, IV, etc., and the person who selected the number 
counts the taps, reckoning from the hour selected. Thus, if 
he selected VIII, he would reckon the first tap as the 9th; 
then the 20th tap as reckoned by him will be on the hour 
chosen. 

It is obvious that the first seven taps are immaterial, but the 
eighth tap must be on XII. 

173 . What is a third and a half of a third of 10 ? 

174 . (i) Write down a number thought of; (ii) add or 
subtract any number you wish; (iii) multiply, or divide by 
any number you wish; (iv) multiply by any multiple of 9; 
(v) cross out any digit except a naught; (vi) give me the sum 
of the remaining digits, and I will give you the figure struck 
out. 

175 . A banker going home to dinner saw a $10 bill on the 
curbstone. He picked it up, noted the number, and went home 
to dinner. While at home his wife said that the butcher had 
sent a bill amounting to $10. The only money he had was 
the bill he had found, which he gave to her, and she paid the 
butcher. The butcher paid it to a farmer for a calf, the far¬ 
mer paid it to the merchant, who in turn paid it to a washer¬ 
woman, and she, owing the bank a note of $10 went to the 
bank and paid the note. The banker recognized the bill as 
the one he had found, and which to that time had paid $ 50 
worth of debt. On careful examination he discovered that the 
bill was counterfeit. Now what was lost in the transaction, 
and by whom ? 

176 . What is the difference between a mile square and a 
square mile ? 


84 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


177. A Multiplication Trick 


Here is a little trick in multiplication that may amuse you. 
Ask a friend to write down the numbers 12345679, omitting 
the number 8. Then tell him to select any one figure from 
the list, multiply it by 9, and with the answer to this sum mul¬ 
tiply the whole list — thus assuming that he selects either the 
figure 4 or 6. 


Select 4 x 9 = 36. 
12345679 
_36 

74074074 

37037037 

444444444 


Select 6 x 9 = 54. 
12345679 
54 

49382716 

61728395 

666666666 


You see the answer of the sum is composed of figures similar 
to the one selected. 


178. Cook was within 10 miles of the north pole and Peary 
was also within 10 miles of the pole, but 20 miles from Cook. 
What direction was Peary from Cook ? Suppose Peary threw 
a ball at Cook and hit him. In what direction did the ball 
go? 


179. A man has 12 pieces of chain of 3 links each. He 
takes them to a blacksmith to unite them into one circular or 
endless chain. If it costs 2 cents to cut a link and 2 cents to 
weld a link, what should the blacksmith charge for the job ? 

180. Take 2 pennies, face upwards on a table and edges in 
contact. Suppose that one is fixed and that the other rolls on 
it without slipping, making one complete revolution round it 
and returning to its initial position. How many revolutions 
round its own center has the rolling coin made ? 

From six you take nine; 

And from nine you take ten; 

Then from forty take fifty, 

And six will remain. 


181. 






MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS 


85 


182. A room is 30 feet long, 12 feet wide, and 12 feet high. 
At one end of the room, 3 feet from the floor, and midway 
from the sides, is a spider. At the other end, 9 feet from the 
floor, and midway from the sides, is a fly. Determine the 
shortest path the spider can take to capture the fly by crawling. 

183. A Geometrical Paradox 

A stick is broken at random into 3 pieces. It is possible 
to put them together into the shape of a triangle provided the 
length of the longest piece is less than the sum of the other 
2 pieces; that is, provided the length of the longest piece is 
less than half the length of the stick. But the probability that 
a fragment of a stick shall be half the original length of the 
stick is i. Hence the probability that a triangle can be con¬ 
structed out of the 3 pieces into which the stick is broken is 

184. A Geometrical Fallacy 


Proposition. —■ All triangles are isosceles. 

Given, any triangle ABC. 

To prove triangle ABC is isosceles. 

Proof. — Draw ME perpendicular to AB at the mid-point 


of AB ) and draw CO, the 
bisector of the angle C, in¬ 
tersecting the line ME in 0. 

Draw the perpendiculars, 
OF and ON, to the sides AC 
and BC, respectively. 

Then ON = OF. 

.-. CF= CN. 


c 



Join A and 0; also join 0 and B. 

Then AO = BO. 

.*. the triangles AOF and OBN are congruent. 

(Being right triangles having AO = BO and OF = ON.) 
.\ AF= BN. 

.*. AF + FC = CN + NB, or AC = BC. 



86 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


185. Three men robbed a gentleman of a vase containing 
24 ounces of balsam. While running away they met in a 
forest with a glass seller, of whom in a great hurry they pur¬ 
chased three vessels. On reaching a place of safety they 
wished to divide the booty, but they found that their vessels 
contained 5, 11, and 13 ounces respectively. How could they 
divide the balsam into equal portions ? 

186. A man bets —th of his money on an even chance (say 

m 

tossing heads or tails with a coin) ; he repeats this again and 

again, each time betting ith of all the money then in his 
m 

possession. If, finally, the number of times he has won is 
equal to the number of times he has lost, has he gained or lost 
by the transaction ? 

187. What like fractions of a pound, of a shilling, and of a 
penny, when added together, make exactly a pound ? 

188. Required to subtract 45 from 45 in such a manner that 
there shall be a remainder of 45. 


189. Any prime number, which, divided by 4, leaves a re¬ 
mainder 1 is the sum of two perfect squares. 

Below is given a list of all prime numbers below 400 which, 
being divided by 4, leave a remainder of 1: 


5=4 + l = 2 2 + l 2 
13=9+4 = 3 2 + 2 2 
17 = 16 +1 = 4 2 + l 2 
29 = 25 + 4 = 5 2 + 2 2 
37=36 + l = 6 2 + l 2 
41 =25 + 16 = 5 2 + 4 2 
53 = 49 + 4 = 7 2 + 2 2 
61 = 36 + 25 = 6 2 + 5 2 
73 = 64 + 9 = 8 2 + 3 2 
89=64-f 25 = 8 2 + 5 2 


97 = 81 + 16 = 9 2 + 4 2 
101 = 100 -f 1 = 10 2 + l 2 . 
109 = 100 + 9 = 10 2 + 3 2 
113 = 64 + 49 = 8 2 + 7 2 
137 = 121 +16 = ll 2 + 4 2 
149 = 100 + 49 = 10 2 + 7 2 
157=121 +36 = ll 2 + 6 2 
173 = 169 + 4 = 13 2 + 2 2 
181 = 100 + 81 = 10 2 + 9 2 
193 = 144 + 49 = 12 2 + 7 2 


MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS 


87 


197 = 196 +1 = 14 2 + l 2 
229 = 225 + 4 = 15 2 + 2 2 
233 = 169 + 64 = 13 2 + 8 2 
241 = 225 +16 = 15 2 + 4 2 
257 = 256 + l = 16 2 +l 2 
269 = 169 + 100 = 13 2 +10 2 
277 = 196 + 81 = 14 2 + 9 2 
281 = 256 + 25 = 16 2 + 5 2 
293 = 289 + 4 = 17 2 + 2 2 


313 = 169 +144 = 13 2 +12 2 
317 = 196 + 121 = 14 2 + ll 2 
337 = 256 + 81 =16 2 + 9 2 
349 = 324 + 25 = 18 2 + 5 2 
353 = 289 + 64 = 17 2 + 8 2 
373 = 324 + 49 = 18 2 + 7 2 
389 = 289 +100 = 17 2 +10 2 
397 = 361 + 36 = 19 2 + 6 2 


190. Any number, less the sum of its digits, is divisible 
by 9. 

Proof. Let a represent the units, 6 the tens, c the hundreds, 
d the thousands, and so on. 

Then, a units = a units = 0 + a units 

b tens = 10 b units = 9 6+5 units 

c hundreds = 100 c units = 99 c + c units 

d thousa nds = 1000 d units = 999 d + d units 

The number =999 d + 99 c+9 6+a+6+c+d units 
The sum of the digits =a+6+c+d units. Subtracting, we 
have a remainder of 999 d+99 c+9 6. 

Since 999 d+99c+9 6isa multiple of 9, it is divisible by 9. 


191. Two persons were born Jan. 1, 1830, and both died 
Jan. 1, 1885; yet one lived 10 days longer than the other. 
Explain how this could be possible. 


192. Two men are 20 miles apart. They walk in the same 
direction, at the same rate of speed, for the same length of 
time; they are then 30 miles apart. Show three ways in which 
this could be possible. 

193. Two men start from the same place at the same time 
and go in the same direction for the same length of time at 
the same rate of speed. When they have gone \ the journey 
they find they are about 8000 miles apart, yet they complete 
their journeys at the same time. How is this possible ? 



88 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


194. Every direction is south except up and down. Where 
am I ? 

195. A boy plants a grain of corn 5 inches under the soil. 
The first night it sprouts and grows \ the distance, and con¬ 
tinues to grow \ the remaining distance each night following. 
How long before it will come up ? 

196. Sterling Jones, a heavy boy, weighs 20 pounds plus \ 
of his own weight, plus -J- of his own weight, plus y 1 ^ of his 
own weight ... to infinity. What is his weight ? 

197. Express the number 10 by using five 9’s in 4 different 
ways. 

198. The Paradox of Tristram Shandy 

Tristram Shandy took 2 years writing the history of the 
first 2 days of his life, and lamented that, at this rate, material 
would accumulate faster than he could deal with it, so that he 
could never come to an end, however long he lived. But had 
he lived long enough, and not wearied of his task, then, even 
if his life had continued as eventfully as it began, no part of 
his biography would remain unwritten. For if he wrote the 
events of the first day in the first year, he would write the 
events of the nth day in the nth year, hence in time the events 
of any assigned day would be written, and therefore no part 
of his biography would remain unwritten. 

— From Ball’s “ Mathematical Recreations and Essays.” 

199. Swift’s Biological Difficulty 

Great fleas have little fleas upon their backs to bite ’em, 

And little fleas have lesser fleas, and so ad infinitum. 

And the great fleas themselves, in turn, have greater fleas to 
go on; 

While these have greater still, and greater still, and so on. 

— De Morgan. 




MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS 


89 


200" A couple of dice are thrown. The thrower is invited 
to double the points of one of the dice (whichever he pleases), 
add 5 to the result, multiply by 5, and add the points of the 
second die. He states the total, when any one knowing the 
secret can instantly name the points of the two dice. How is 
it done ? 

201. Three dice are thrown. The thrower is asked to mul¬ 
tiply the points of the first die by 2, add 5 to the result, mul¬ 
tiply by 5, add the points of the second die, multiply the total 
by 10, and- add the points of the third die. He states the 
total. Name the points of the three dice. 

202. A man has 21 casks. Seven are full of wine; 7 half full, 
and 7 empty. How can he divide them, without transferring 
any portion of the liquid from cask to cask, among his three 
sons, — Sam, John, and James, — so that each shall have an 
equal quantity of wine and also an equal number of casks? 

203. Three beautiful ladies have for husbands three men, 
who are as jealous as they are young, handsome, and gallant. 
The party are traveling, and find on the bank of a river, over 
which they have to pass, a small boat which can hold no more 
than two persons. How can they cross, it being agreed that 
no woman shall be left in the society of a man unless her hus¬ 
band is present ? 

204. A certain number is divisible into four parts, in such 
manner that the first is 500 times, the second 400 times, and 
the third 40 times as much as the last and smallest part. 
What is the number and what are the several parts? 

205. What is the smallest number which, divided by 2, will 
give a remainder of 1; divided by 3, a remainder of 2; di¬ 
vided by 4, a remainder of 3; divided by 5, a remainder of 4; 
divided by 6, a remainder of 5; divided by 7, a remainder of 
6; divided by 8, a remainder of 7; divided by 9, a remainder 
of 8; and divided by 10, a remainder of 9 ? 


90 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


206. Given, five squares of paper or cardboard, alike in size. 
Required, so to cut them that by rearrangement of the pieces 
you can form one large square. 

207. Given a board 3 feet long and 1 foot wide. Required 
to cover a hole 2 feet by 1 foot 6 inches, by not cutting the 
board into more than two pieces. 

208. Given a board 15 inches long and 3 inches wide. 
How is it possible to cut it so that the pieces when rearranged 
shall form a perfect square ? 

209. Place the numbers 1 to 19 inclusive on the sides of the 
six equilateral triangles which form a regular hexagon, so 
that the sum on every side will be the same. 

210. 15 Christians and 15 Turks, being at sea in one and the 
same ship in a terrible storm, and the pilot declaring a neces¬ 
sity of casting one half of those persons into the sea, that 
the rest might be saved; they all agreed that the persons to 
be cast away should be set out by lot after this manner, viz., 
the 30 persons should be placed in a round form like a ling, 
and then beginning to count at one of the passengers, and pro¬ 
ceeding circularly, every ninth person should be cast into the 
sea, until of the 30 persons there remained only 15. The 
question is, how those 30 persons should be placed, that the 
lot might infallibly fall upon the 15 Turks and not upon any 
of the 15 Christians. 

211. Some Very Old Problems 

Heap, its seventh, its whole, it makes 19. 

— From Ahmes, Collection of Problems, made in Egypt between 
3400 b.c. and 1700 b.c. 

212. The numbers from 1 to 80 admit of being formed 
about a point as common center into four pentagons, such that 
each side of the first pentagon from within contains two num 


MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS 


91 


bers, each side of the second pentagon four numbers, each of 
the third six numbers, and each side of the fourth, outermost 
pentagon eight numbers. The sum of the numbers of each 
side of the second pentagon is 122, the sum of those of each 
side of the third pentagon is 248, and that of those of 
each side of the fourth pentagon 254. Furthermore, the sum 
of any four corner numbers lying in the same straight line 
with the center, is also the same; namely, 92. 


1 


26 64 

31 49 

16 

10 80 
36 44 


76 


70 72 

60 16 

71 66 

65 25 65 

5 45 

61 24 

20 60 17 

30 


35 


40 


69 


66 


59 


21 


64 


57 58 

62 23 


76 


32 


27 


37 2 

14 

53 


43 


48 


73 


79 


67 


I 7 19 22 63 18 1 

41 38 

46 33 

12 39 68 74 42 13 

61 28 


4 29 34 7 78 47 52 3 

— From “ Essays and Recreations ” by Schubert. 


92 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


213. A mule and a donkey were walking along, laden with 
corn. The mule says to the donkey, “If you gave me one 
measure, I should carry twice as much as you. If I gave you 
one, we should both carry equal burdens.” Tell me their bur¬ 
dens, 0 most learned master of geometry. 

— A riddle attributed to Euclid. From “ Palatine Anthology,” 
300 A.D. 

214. What part of the day has disappeared if the time left 
is twice two thirds of the time passed away ? 

— “ Palatine Anthology,” 300 a.d. 

215. The square root of half the number of bees in a swarm 
has flown out upon a jessamine bush, of the whole swarm 
has remained behind; one female bee flies about a male that 
is buzzing within a lotus flower into which he was allured in 
the night by its sweet odor, but is now imprisoned in it. Tell 
me the number of bees. 

— From “ Lilavati,” a Chapter in Bhaskara’s great work, written 
in 1150 a.d. 

216. Find the keyword in the following problem in “Letter 
Division.” 

CPN) AOUIERT (PCAAU 

CPN 

PIUI 

PUCN 

ERIE 

RNAN 

REER 

RNAN 

RIRT 

RCUN 

EUT 

Note. —For other problems of this kind, see “ Div-A-Let,” by W. H. 
Vail, Newark, N. J. 









MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS 


93 


217. Demochares has lived a fourth of his life as a boy; a 
fifth as a youth; a third as a man; and has spent 13 years in 
his dotage. How old is he ? 

— From a collection of questions by Metrodorus, 310 a.d. 

218. Beautiful maiden with beaming eyes, tell me, as thou 
understandest the right method of inversion, which is the num¬ 
ber which multiplied by 3, then increased by f of the product, 
divided by 7, diminished by i of the quotient, multiplied by 
itself, diminished by 52, the square root extracted, addition of 
8, and division by 10, gives the number 2 ? 

— From “Lilavati.” 

219. Given a piece of cardboard in the - 

form of a Greek or equal-armed cross, as 

shown in the figure. Required, by two - - 

straight cuts, so to divide it that the pieces 
when reunited shall form a square. 

220. To show geometrically that 1 = 0. 

First Solution. Take a square that is 8 units on a side, and 
cut it into three parts, A, B, and 0, as shown in the left-hand 
figure. Fit these parts together as in the right-hand figure. 


8 




Now the square is 8 units on a side, and therefore contains 
64 small squares, while the rectangle is 9 units long and 7 
units wide, and therefore contains 63 small squares. 

Each of the figures are made up of A, B , and C. 
















94 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 

In the square A + B 4- C = 64. 

In the rectangle A + B + C = 63. 

.-.64 = 63. 

(Things equal to the same thing are equal to each other.) 

.-.1 = 0 . 

(By subtracting 63 from each side of the equation.) 

Second Solution. Take a square that is 8 units on a side, 
and cut it into three parts, A, B, and C, as shown in the right- 

hand figure. Fit these 
parts together as in the 
left-hand figure. 

Now the square is 8 
units on a side, and 
therefore contains 64 
small squares, while the 
rectangle is 13 units long and 5 units wide, and therefore con¬ 
tains 65 small squares. 

Each of the figures are made up of A, B, and 0. 

In the rectangle A + B -f C = 65. 

In the square A -}- B C = 64. 

. *. 65 = 64. 

1 = 0 . 

221. To prove that 1 = 200. 

Let a = b = 10. 

Then a 2 — 6 2 = 0, 

and a 4 — 5 4 = 0. 

a 2 — 5 2 = a 4 — 6 4 . 
a 2 -5 2 = (a 2 -5 2 )(a 2 + 6 2 ). 

1 = a* + b 2 . 

1 = 10 2 + 10 2 . 

.-. 1 = 200. 

Note. —If a = 1, 1 = 2; if a = 2, 1 = 8; if a = 3, 1 = 18 ; etc. 







































MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS 


95 


* 222. 

To prove that 1 = 2000. 

Let 

a=& = 10. 

Then 

a 3 — 6 3 = 0, 

and 

a 6 — 6* = 0. 


.'. a 3 — b 3 = a 6 — 6 6 . 

(Things equal to the same things are equal to each other.) 

.\ 1 = a 3 + b 3 . 

(Dividing by a 3 — b 3 .) 

1 = 10 3 + 10 3 
.*. 1 = 2000. 

Note. — If a = 1, 1 = 2; if a = 2, 1 = 16; if a = 3, 1 = 54; etc. Also 
many other problems may be made similar to problems Nos. 221 and 222. 

* 223. Another Geometrical Fallacy 

To prove that it is possible to let fall two perpendiculars to 
a line from an external point. 

Take two intersecting circles with centers 0 and O'. Let 
one point of intersection be 
P, and draw the diameters 
PM and PN. 

Draw MN cutting the 
circumferences at A and B. 

Then draw PA and PB. 

Since Z PBM is inscribed 
in a semicircle, it is a right 
angle. Also since Z PAN 
is inscribed in a semicircle, it is a right angle. 

. *. PA and PB are both _L to MN. 

224. Given three or more integers, as 30, 24, and 16; re¬ 
quired to find their greatest integral divisor that will leave 
the same remainder. 

* The exposing of fallacies has been left to the student. They should be 
studied in every High School and College. 






96 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


225 . To Prove that You are as Old as Methuselah 


Proof: 

Let 

Let 

Let 

Then 


x = Methuselah’s age. 
y = your age. 
s = the sum. 


x + y = s. 

.•.(» + y)(® -2/) = s(x - y). 

. •. x 2 — y 2 — sx — sy. 

. •. a? — sx = y 2 — sy. 

x? -sx + ?- = y 2 - sy + **-. 
4 4 






226. How many shoes would it take for the people of a 
town if one third of them had but one foot and one half the 
remainder went barefoot ? 


227. The Spider and the Four Gnats 

On a suspended piece of glass 10 inches long, 4 inches wide, 
and 4 inches high is a spider and four gnats. The spider is 
on one end i inch from the bottom and midway between the 
sides. The gnats are on the other end. Three of them are 
i inch, | inch, and 1 inch, respectively, from the top and mid¬ 
way between the sides. The fourth is inches from the 
top and on an edge. 

Determine the shortest path possible, by way of the six 
faces of the piece of glass, for the spider to catch the four 
gnats and return to the place from which he started. 

228. What difference would there be in the weight of a per¬ 
fectly air-tight bird cage, depending on whether the bird were 
sitting on the perch or flying about ? 


MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS 


97 



XP 


229. To prove that part of a line equals the whole line. 
Take a triangle ABC, and draw 
CP _L to AB. * O 

From C draw CX, making 
Z ACX = AB. 

Then A ABC and ACX are A . 
similar. 

.*. A ABC: A ACX = BC 2 : CX\ 
Furthermore, A ABC: A ACX = AB: AX. 

.•.bo , :Ox , =ab:Ax, 

or 5C 2 : AB = ~CX 2 : AX. 

But 

and CX‘ = AC? + AX* - 2 AX - AP. 

. ~AC* + AB > -2AB-AP_AC 2 + AX 2 -2AX-AP 
AB AX ’ 

or ^- + AB-2AP = ^- + AX-2AP. 

AB AX 

^--AX=^—AB, 

AB AX 

~AC 2 - AB ■ AX JAC 2 -AB-AX 
AB AX 

AB = AX. 

— From Wentworth and Smith’s “Geometry.’ 


BC 2 = AC‘+ AB 1 -2 AB- AP, 


or 


D M 


230. To prove that part of an angle equals the whole angle. 
Take a square ABCD, and draw MM'P, the _L bisector of 
CD. Then MM'P is also the J_ bisector of AB. 

From B draw any line BX equal to AB. 
Draw DX and bisect it by the _L XP. Since 
DX intersects CD, Js to these lines cannot be 
parallel, and must meet as at P. 

Draw PA, PD, PC, PX, and PB. 

Since MP is the _L bisector of CD, PD — PC. 


liV/ 

I / 

, ii // 

W' 


c 


p 












98 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


Similarly, PA = PB, and PD = PX. 

.*. PX=PD=PC. 

But BX = BC by construction, and’PR is common to A 
PBX and PBC. 

.\A PBX is congruent to A PBC, and Z XBP — Z CBP. 

.*. the whole Z XBP equals the part, Z CBP. 

— From Wentworth and Smith’s “Geometry.” 

231 . The Four-color Map Problem 

Not more than four colors are necessary in order to color a 
map of a country, divided into districts, in such a way that no 
two contiguous districts shall be of the same color. 

Probably the following argument, though not a formal dem¬ 
onstration, will satisfy the reader that the result is true. 

Let A, B, C be three contiguous districts, and let X be any 
other district contiguous with all of them. Then X must lie 
either wholly outside the external boundary of the area ABC 
or wholly inside the internal boundary; that is, it must occupy 
a position either like X or like X'. In either case every re¬ 
maining occupied area in the figure is inclosed by the boun¬ 
daries of not more than three districts ; hence there is no 
possible way of drawing another area Y 
which shall be contiguous with A, B, C , 
and X. In other words, it is possible to 
draw on a plane four areas which are con¬ 
tiguous, but it is not possible to draw five 
such areas. 

If A, B, C are not contiguous, each with 
the other, or if X is not contiguous with A } 
B, and C, it is not necessary to color them 
all differently, and thus the most unfavora¬ 
ble case is that already treated. Moreover, any of the above 
areas may diminish to a point and finally disappear without 
affecting the argument. 

That we may require at least four colors is obvious from 
























MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS 


99 


the above diagram, since in that case the areas A, B, C, and X 
would have to be colored differently. 

A proof of the proposition involves difficulties of a high 
order, which as yet have baffled all attempts to surmount 
them. — From Ball’s “Mathematical Recreations.” 

232. Romeo and Juliet 

On a checker board are located two snails. They are Romeo 
and Juliet. Juliet is on her balcony waiting the arrival of 
her lover, but Romeo has 
been dining and forgets, 
for the life of him, the 
number of her house. 

The squares represent 
sixty-four houses, and the 
amorous swain visits 
every house once and only 
once before reaching his 
beloved. 

Now make him do this 
with the fewest possible 
turnings. The snail can 
move up, down, and across 
the board and through the diagonals. Mark his track. 

— From “ Canterbury Puzzles.” 

233. Find the exact dimensions of two cubes the sum of 
whose volumes will be exactly 17 cubic inches. Of course the 
cubes may be of different sizes. 

234. I have two balls whose circumferences are respectively 
1 foot and 2 feet. Find the circumferences of two other balls 
different in size whose combined volumes will exactly equal 
the combined volumes of the given balls. 

235. Can the number 11,111,111,111,111,111 be divided by 
any other integer except itself and unity ? 























100 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


236. My friend owns a 
house containing 16 rooms as 
indicated in the diagram. 

While visiting him one day, 
he said to me, “ Can you enter 
at the door A and pass out at 
the door B and enter every one 
of the 16 rooms once and only 
once?” Show how I might 
have done this. 

237. Given a plank contain¬ 
ing 169 square inches as shown below. Show how a hole 

13 inches square may be covered 
- by cutting the plank into three 

~ZZZZZZZZZZZ pieces. 

- 238. Given a piece of cloth in 

IZZZZZZZZZZZ the shape of an equilateral tri- 

- I ■ -[ angle. Required to cut 

it into four pieces that 

___may be put together and 

-form a perfect square. 

239 . A Short Method of Multiplication 
Example. — Multiply 41,096 by 83. 

The answer is found to be 3,410,968 by inspection. It will 
be observed that the answer is found by placing the last figure 
of the multiplier before the number and the first after it. Also 
if we prefix to 41,096 the number 41,095,890, repeated any num¬ 
ber of times, the result may always be multiplied by 83 in this 
peculiar manner. 

8 multiplied by 86 = 688. 

Also to multiply 1,639,344,262,295,081,967,213,114,754,098,- 
360,655,737,704,918,032,787 by 71, all you have to do is to place 
another 1 at the beginning and another 7 at the end. 






































MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS 


101 


*240. The Square Fallacy 


To prove that the diagonal of any square field equals the 
sum of any two sides. 



Given the square field ABCD with a side equal to 100 rods. 
The distance from A to C along two sides is 200 rods. 

Now in Fig. 1 the distance from A to C along the diagonal 
path is 200 rods. In Fig. 2 the steps are smaller, yet the di¬ 
agonal path is 200 rods long. In Fig. 3 the steps are very 
small, yet the distance must be 200 rods and would yet be if 
we needed a microscope to detect the steps. In this way we 
may go on straightening out the zigzag path until we ulti¬ 
mately reach a perfect straight line, and it therefore follows 
that the diagonal of a square equals the sum of any two sides. 
Can you expose the fallacy ? 

241. Given a rectangular block of wood 8 inches by 4 
inches by 3j inches. Required to cut it into similar blocks 

inches by inches by 1\ inches with the least possible 
waste. How many blocks can be had ? 

A Time Problem 

242. A man who carries a watch in which the hour, minute, 
and second hands turn upon the same center was asked the 
time of day. He replied, “ The three hands appear at equal dis¬ 
tances from one another and the hour hand is exactly 20- 
minute spaces ahead of the minute hand.” Can you tell the 
time ? 


* See footnote, page 95. 





102 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


The Tree Planter 

243. Are you a practical tree planter? If so, you are 
requested, (a) to show how sixteen trees may be planted in 
twelve straight rows, with four trees in every row, ( b ) to show 
how sixteen trees may be planted in fifteen straight rows, with 
four trees in every row. 

244. Eive persons can be seated in six different ways around 
a table in such a manner that any one person is seated only 
once between the same two persons. Show the manner of 
seating. 

245. Seven persons may be seated in fifteen different ways 
around a table in such a manner that any one person is seated 
only once between the same two persons. Show the ways in 
which they might be seated. 

246. On his morning stroll, Mr. Busybody encountered a 
laborer digging a hole. “ How deep is that hole ? ” he asked. 
“ Guess,” replied the workingman, who stood in the hole. 
“ My height is exactly five feet and ten inches.” 

“ How much deeper are you going ? ” 

“ I am going twice as deep,” rejoined the laborer, “ and then 
my head will be twice as far below ground as it now is above 
ground.” 

Mr. Busybody wants to know how deep that hole will be 
when finished. 

247. One night three men, A, B, and C, stole a bag of apples 
and hid them in a barn over night, intending to meet in the 
morning to divide them equally. Some time before morning 
A went to the barn, divided the apples into three equal shares 
and had one apple too many, which he threw away. A took 
one share and put the others back into the bag. Soon after B 
came and did exactly as A had done. Then came C, who re¬ 
peated what A and B had done before him. In the morning 
the three met, saying nothing of what they had done during 


MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS 


103 


the night. The remaining apples were divided into three equal 
shares, with still one apple too many. How many apples were 
there in the bag at the beginning ? 

248. The following diagram represents a section of a rail* 
way track with a siding. Eight cars are standing on the main 



line in the order 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and an engine is standing 
on the side track. The siding will hold five cars, or four cars 
and the engine. The main line will hold only the eight cars 
and the engine. Also when all the cars and the engine are on 
the main line, only the one occupying the place of 8 can be 
moved on the siding. With 8 at the extremity, as shown, 
there is just room to pass 7 on the siding. The cars can be 
moved without the aid of the engine. 

You are required to reverse the order of the cars on the 
main line so that they will be numbered 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1; 
and to do this by means which will involve as few transfer¬ 
ences of the engine, or a car to or from the siding as are possible. 

249. The Mysterious Addition 

To express the sum of five numbers, having given only the 
first. 

Have a person write a number, say 55,369. Subtract two 
from the number, and place it before the remainder, giving 
255,367, which is the sum of the numbers to be added. Each 








104 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


number is to contain the same number of figures as 
the first. 

After the first number is expressed have the per¬ 
son write the second, say 38,465. Then write the 
third yourself, using such figures in the number, 
that if added to the figures in the number above 
will make nine. Have the person write the fourth 
number. Then write the fifth yourself in the same way as 
the third. These numbers added will give the required sum. 

250. At the close of four and a half months’ hard work, the 
ladies of a certain Dorcas Society were so delighted with the 
completion of a beautiful silk, patchwork quilt for the dear 
curate that everybody kissed everybody else, except, of course, 
the bashful young man himself, who kissed only his sisters, 
whom he had called for, to escort home. There were just a 
gross of osculations altogether. How much longer would the 
ladies have taken over their needlework task if the sisters of 
the curate referred to had played lawn tennis instead of at¬ 
tending the meetings ? Of course we must assume that the 
ladies attended regularly, and I am sure that they all worked 
equally well. A mutual kiss counts two osculations. 

— From “Canterbury Puzzles.” 

251. The Arithmetical Triangle 


55,369 

38,465 

61,534 

23,461 

76,538 


This name has been given to a contrivance said to have 
originated or to have been perfected by the famous Pascal. 


1 

2 1 


3 

3 

1 



4 

6 

4 

1 


5 

10 

10 

5 

1 

6 

15 

20 

15 

6 

7 

21 

35 

35 

21 

8 

28 

56 

70 

56 


1 

7 

28 


etc. 


etc. 


1 

8 1 



MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS 


105 


This peculiar series of numbers is thus formed: Write down 
the numbers 1, 2, 3, etc., as far as you please, in a vertical row. 
On the right hand of 2 place 1, add them together, and place 
3 under the 1; then 3 added to 3 = 6, which place under the 
3; 4 and 6 are 10, which place under the 6, and so on, as far 
as you wish. This is the second vertical row, and the third is 
formed from the second in a similar way. 

This triangle has the property of informing us, without the 
trouble of calculation, how many combinations can be made, 
taking any number at a time, out of a larger number. 

Suppose the question were that just given; how many selec¬ 
tions can be made of 3 at a time, out of 8 ? 

On the horizontal row commencing with 8, look for the third 
number; this is 56, which is the answer. 

252. Twelve nests are in a circle. In each nest is only one 
egg. Required to begin at any nest, always going in the same 
direction, and pick up an egg, pass it over two other eggs, and 
place it in the next nest. This process is to be continued until 
six eggs have been removed and then six of the nests should 
contain two eggs each, and the other six should be empty. 
Show how this can be done by making the fewest possible 
revolutions around the nests. 

253. A man in a city skyscraper, in a time of fire, made his 
escape by descending on a rope. He was 300 feet above the 
ground and had a rope only 150 feet long and 1^ inches in 
diameter. Show how he made his escape without jumping 
from the window or dropping from the end of the rope. 

254. A German farmer while visiting town bought a cask of 
wine containing 100 pints of pure wine. After reaching home 
he hid the cask in his barn thinking no one would find it. 
Wbile away from home his neighbor found the cask and drew 
out 30 pints. Each time he drew out a pint he replaced it with 
a pint of pure water before drawing the next pint. How much 
wine was stolen ? 


106 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


255. While out fishing on a lake in a small boat I found 
myself without oars. I was two miles from shore. I had 
nothing to use to row the boat. Besides this there was no 
current to help me, for the water was perfectly smooth. I had 
nothing in the boat but a heavy trot-line one inch in diameter 
and six large fish. I could not swim and had no way of 
securing assistance. Was it possible for me to reach the shore 
under such circumstances ? If so, how ? 

256. C’s age at A’s birth was 5^ times B’s age and now is 
equal to the sum of A’s age and B’s age. If A were 3 years 
younger or B 4 years older, A’s age would be f of B’s age. 
Find the ages of A, B, and C. (Solve by arithmetic.) 

257. What is the smallest sum of money in pounds, shil¬ 
lings, pence, and farthings that can be expressed by using each 

of the nine digits, 1, 2, 3, 4,5, 6, 7,8, and 9, 
once and once only ? 

258. A Reversible Magic Square 

The digits 0,1, 2, 6, and 8, when turned 
upside down, can be read, 0, 1, 7, 9, and 
8. It will be observed that this square 
when turned upside down is still magic. 

259. To prove that part of an 
angle equals the whole angle. 

Take a right triangle ABC 
and construct upon the hypote¬ 
nuse BC an equilateral triangle 
BCD , as shown. 

On CD lay off CP equal to CA. 

Through X, the mid-point of 
AB, draw PX to meet CB pro¬ 
duced at Q. Draw QA. 

Draw the _L bisectors of QA 
and QP, as TO and ZO. These 


o 



29 

IZ 

61 

Z2 

Zl 

62 

19 

2Z 

12 

21 

ZZ 

69 

6Z 

Z9 

22 

II 












MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS 


107 


must meet at some point 0 because they are _L to two inter¬ 
secting lines. 

Draw OQ, OA, OP, and 0(7. 

Since 0 is on the _L bisector of QA, OQ = OA. 

Similarly OQ = OP, and .\ OA = OP. 

But CA = CP, by construction, and CO = CO. 

.*. A AOC is congruent to A POC, and Z ACO = Z POO. 


260 . Another Triangle Fallacy 

To prove that the sum of two sides of a triangle is equal 
to the third side. 

Let ABC be a triangle. A. _ r _ r - D 

Complete the parallelo¬ 
gram and divide the diag- M f 
onal AC into n equal parts. 

Through the points of divi- / ' F 
sion draw n — 1 lines parallel ^ G 

to AB. Similarly, draw n—1 

lines parallel to BC. AB will be divided into n equal parts. 
Also BC will be divided into n equal parts. The parallelo¬ 
gram is now divided into n 2 equal and similar parallelograms. 



Note. —The diagram is drawn for n = 3. 

Taking the small parallelograms of which the segments of 
AC are diagonals, we have 

AB + BC = AM + EF -h GH+ ME + FG + HC. 

A similar relation is true, however large n may be. Now let n 
increase indefinitely. Then the lines AM, ME, EF, etc., will 
get smaller and smaller. Finally the points MFH will ap¬ 
proach indefinitely near the line AC, and ultimately will lie on 
it. When this is the case the sum of AM and ME will be 
equal to AE, and similarly for the other similar pairs of lines. 

Hence, AM + ME + EF+ FG + GH+ HC=AE + EG + GC, 

or AB + BC=AC. 






108 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


The Fourth Dimension 

Geometry as studied in the schools is divided into two parts, 
Plane Geometry, or Geometry of Two Dimensions, and Solid 
Geometry, or Geometry of Three Dimensions. These divisions 
naturally suggest an infinite number of divisions. Consider¬ 
ing space as an aggregate of points, the line is a one-dimen¬ 
sional space, a plane is a two-dimensional space, and a solid is 
a three-dimensional space. To fix exactly the position of a 
point on a line, it is only necessary to have one number giving 
its distance from some fixed point. To fix exactly the position 
of a point in a plane, it is necessary to start from a known 
point and measure in two given perpendicular directions. To 
fix exactly the position of a point in a solid, it is necessary to 
start from a known point and measure in three perpendicular 
directions. 

Thus to locate a man traveling north from a given place it 
is necessary to know only the distance traveled. To locate a 
man traveling on the sea it is necessary to have two measure¬ 
ments given — his latitude and longitude. To locate a man 
traveling in the air it is necessary to have three measurements 
given — his latitude, longitude, and his distance above or below 
the sea level. 

The question now arises: Why may there not be a space 
of four dimensions and thus a geometry of four dimensions in 
which the exact position of a point may be determined by 
measuring in four perpendicular directions ? This question is 
one which we cannot escape. Paul may have had the fourth 
dimension in mind, when, speaking of spiritual life, he said, 
“ That Christ may dwell in your hearts by faith, that ye being 
rooted and grounded in love, may be able to comprehend with 
all saints what is the breadth, and length, and depth, and 
height” (Eph. 3:17, 18); or when he wrote, “ I knew a man 
whether in the body, or out of the body, I cannot tell, how that 
he was caught up into paradise and heard unspeakable words ” 


MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS 


109 


(2 Cor. 12 : 2, 3). What did John mean when he “ was in the 
spirit viewing the Heavenly Jerusalem ” and said, “ The city 
lieth foursquare ” (Rev. 21: 16)? Was Christ’s transfigured 
body a four-dimensional body? Was his resurrected body 
which appeared in the midst of a closed room a four-dimen¬ 
sional body? Was the ascension a like disappearance? 

Although these questions cannot be answered by man, we 
are certain that the term fourth-dimensional came to us from 
a firm believer in spiritual life. We can neither prove nor 
deny its existence. If a physical fourth dimension exists, a 
three-dimensional body would never know it, nor would we 
have any way of finding out. 

If we connect all points of our space, a three-dimensional 
space, with an assumed point outside of it, then the aggregate 
of all the points of the connecting lines constitutes a four¬ 
dimensional space, or hyperspace. As a moving point gener¬ 
ates a line, as a line moving outside itself generates a surface, 
as a surface moving outside itself generates a solid, just so a 
solid moving outside of our space would generate a hypersolid, 
or portion of hyperspace. Hyperspace itself may be conceived 
as generated by our entire space moving in a direction not con¬ 
tained in itself, just as our space may be generated by the 
similar motion of an. unlimited plane. 

Has hyperspace a real, physical existence? If so, our uni¬ 
verse must have a small thickness in the fourth dimension; 
otherwise, as the geometrical plane is assumed to be without 
thickness, our world, too, would be a mere abstraction (as, 
indeed, some idealistic philosophers have maintained), that is, 
nothing but a shadow cast by a more real fourth-dimensional 
world. 

Of what use is the conception of hyperspace? It is of 
importance to the mathematician. The notion of such a 
geometry as a logical system of theorems involved in a set of 
axioms is important to the student. It gives a deeper insight 
into geometry. The conception of space to which these geo- 


110 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


metrics apply is of great assistance in the application of geome¬ 
try to the other mathematics. Especially is it of importance 
because of the parallelism between algebra and geometry. It 
has very appropriately been called the playground of mathe¬ 
matics. It is not only of importance to the mathematician, 
but is also of much importance to the philosopher, psycholo¬ 
gist, and scientist in general. It is a question of interest to 
every person. 

The geometry of two dimensions is more extensive than the 
geometry of one dimension. Also the geometry of three 
dimensions is more extensive than the geometry of two di¬ 
mensions, yet nearly everything in the solid is more or less 
analogous to something in the plane. Just so geometry of four 
dimensions would be still more extensive than geometry of 
three dimensions, yet very closely related to it. For example, 
the circle studied in a geometry of one dimension has very few 
properties, while studied in a geometry of two dimensions has 
a center, radii, chords, tangents, etc., and studied in a geometry 
of three dimensions has further numerous geometrical relations 
with the sphere, cone, cylinder, etc. 

Let us conceive of a space of but one dimension. A being 
in such a space would be limited to a straight line, which he 
would conceive as extending infinitely in both directions. If 
you were a point and lived on a straight line you would be a 
one-dimensional man. You could not move in two-dimensional 
space, but could think about it. If you were in two-dimen¬ 
sional space you would never know it. You could move back¬ 
ward and forward only. You could not look up or down, nor 
from side to side. You could see only the back of the man’s 
head in front of you. You could never turn around and talk 
to a man behind you. If you encountered another being, 
neither could pass the other. 

Conceive of a world of but two dimensions inhabited by 
two-dimensional beings. Such a world would lie in a single 
plane, having length and breadth, but no thickness. The in- 


MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS 


111 


habitants of this region might be thought of as the shadows of 
three-dimensional beings. By a miracle one of these beings 
becomes endowed with a knowledge of three dimensions. He 
could then do marvelous things in the eyes of his neighbors. 
He could disappear and reappear at will. The strongest prison 
could not hold him. By moving out of the plane in which he 
lives he could look down into the dwellings and even into the 
insides of his neighbors. He would then be a god in the pres¬ 
ence of the inhabitants of flatland, or shadowland. 

If you lived on a surface, you would be a two-dimensional 
man. You would have no thickness. You could slide around 
like quicksilver. You would be a flat man and could not 
understand how a third dimension could possibly exist. You 
could pass your neighbors. You would be living in a three- 
dimensional world and never know it. You could pass through 
a three-dimensional being and never know it. You could pass 
through a brick wall and never see it. You could not move in 
three-dimensional space, but could think of it. Only a square 
or circle would be necessary to imprison you. You could see 
all around you but could not look down or up. If imprisoned, 
a being in our space by lifting could liberate you and, to your 
friends, you would have made a miraculous escape. If you 
should attempt to imprison a three-dimensional criminal in 
your two-dimensional jail, he would escape by stepping- over 
the walls of your prison and you would never realize how he 
eluded you. 

Now, if there be a four-dimensional world, our three-dimen¬ 
sional space must lie in its midst. All people would then be 
three-dimensional shadows of four-dimensional beings. We 
could only become endowed with four-dimensional knowledge 
or become four-dimensional beings by supernatural means. We 
could move in a four-dimensional being, and not understand 
how such a thing is possible. If there be such a thing as a 
four-dimensional being, it would perhaps assist us in under¬ 
standing the following scripture, “ That they should seek the 


112 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


Lord, if haply they might feel after him, and find him, though 
he be not far from every one of us: for in him we live, and 
move, and have our being ” (Acts 17: 27, 28). 

If you were a four-dimensional creature, no three-dimen¬ 
sional prison would hold you, and we should never know how 
you made your escape. You could take money from a locked 
safe without opening the door. You could place a plum 
within a potato without breaking the peeling. You could fill 
a completely inclosed vessel. You could turn a hollow rubber 
ball inside out. You could remove the contents of an egg 
without puncturing the shell, or drink the wine from a bottle 
without drawing the cork. 


EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 


ARITHMETIC 

Teachers’ Examination Questions. — Texas 

1. Write the analysis of each of the following: 

(a) A boy has 75 cents, with which he can buy 5 melons. 
Find the average price of a melon. 

(i b ) A boy has 75 cents, with which he buys melons at the 
average price of 5 cents each. How many melons does he 
buy? 

2. A trader bought a plantation at $14 per acre, and sold 
it for $ 15,824, gaining $ 2 per acre. Find the cost. 

3. Find the product of the smallest prime number greater 
than 153, and the greatest composite odd number less than 230. 

4. From the sum of 29f and 42f, take the difference of 20£ 
and 10^-. 

5. The product of two factors is A 5 one of the factors is f. 
Find the other. 

6. What per cent is gained by buying wheat at 62£ cents 
per bushel and selling at 67| cents ? 

7. In a proportion the inverse ratio of the first term to the 
second term is 3^; the fourth term is 160. Find the third 
term. 

8. Give solution and analysis: Find the present worth and 
true discount of a note for $135.75, due 1 year 8 months 
15 days hence, money being worth 8 %. 

113 




114 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


9. What may X offer for a house which pays $ 895 rent 
per year that he may receive 8 % interest on the investment ? 

10. Reduce to lowest terms: .66§; .125; .37^. 

Teachers’ Examination Questions. — Ohio 

1. Define aliquot part, mean proportional, maker of a note, 
denominate number. 

2. (a) Give the table of liquid measure; of dry measure. 

(6) How many cubic inches in a dry quart? in a liquid 

quart ? 

3. A man bought a lot 8 rods square at the rate of 
$ 1000 an acre. He fenced it in at an average cost of 35 cents 
a yard. He then sold the lot through an agent for $ 750, pay¬ 
ing commission. Find the man’s profit. 

4. ( a ) What is meant by “ paying by check ” ? 

(b) Suppose that you sell to Charles • Ray a horse for 
$250 and agree to give him 5 % off for cash. You receive 
in payment his check for the amount on some bank of which 
you know. Write the check, supplying the necessary details, 
but using a fictitious name. 

(c) How could this check be transferred to another person 
so that the money could be drawn only on his order? 

5. (a) A man wishes to build a house 28 feet by 32 feet. 
He needs four sills, each 6 inches by 8 inches, to put under the 
walls. How much will they cost at $ 18 per M ? 

(b) How many feet of siding are necessary for this house, 
supposing it to be 18 feet high, the siding being 5 inches wide 
and laid 4 inches to the weather, no allowance being made for 
gables, doors, or windows ? 

6. (a) A certain district contains taxable property valued 
at $ 150,000. The board of education has built a schoolhouse 


EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 


115 


costing $ 1800. What will the schoolhouse cost a taxpayer 
whose property is valued at $ 4800 ? 

(6) Express a tax rate of one mill as a rate per cent. 

7. Write a rule for finding (a) the area of a circle when 
the radius is given; (6) the surface of a sphere when the 
radius is given; (c) the volume of a pyramid. 

8. A father gave his son his promissory note for $ 225, due 
when the son became 21 years old. The rate of interest was 
5%, and when the note became due, the principal and inter¬ 
est together amounted to $303.75. How old was the son when 
the note was given ? 

State Certificate.—Kentucky 

1. Given the dividend, quotient, and remainder, how may 
the divisor be found? If 10 apples be divided equally among 
five boys, which of the terms in the division are concrete and 
which abstract ? 

2. What term is the base (a) in commission ? ( b ) in in¬ 
surance ? (c) in profit and loss ? (d) in interest ? (e) in 
discount ? 

3. At 6 o’clock a.m. the thermometer indicated 20° above 
zero; at 12 o’clock M., 5° above zero; at 6 o’clock p.m., 7° be¬ 
low zero. Find the average temperature from the three ob¬ 
servations. Explain the process. 

4. The sum of two numbers is 147J, and their difference 
83J. What are the numbers? 

5. If equal sums be put at interest for 1 year 12 days, at 
5J </ 0 and 7 % per annum, the difference in interest received 
on the two principals will be $ 7.65. Find the sum invested 
in each case. 

6. Wheat is worth 90 cents per bushel, and a field yields 
21 bushels per acre, at a cost of $ 16.75 per acre for cultivation. 


116 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


If the cost of cultivation be increased 20%, and the yield be 
thereby increased 30 %, what is the net gain per acre ? 

7. The longitude of Pensacola, Fla., is 87° 15' West. Find 
the difference between standard time and local (Meridian) 
time in that city. 

8. The proceeds of a 3 months’ note discounted at bank at 
6 % per annum' the day it was made, were $ 400. Find the 
face of the note. 

9. A contractor in building two residences finds that the 
number of mechanics employed on the first is to the num¬ 
ber employed on the second as 7:4, the weekly wages paid 
individuals on the first to those on the second as 8: 7, and the 
time each mechanic was employed on the first to that on the 
second as 5:12. Find the relative cost of labor on the two 
buildings. 

10. How many trees planted 33 feet apart will be required 
to cover 10 acres in the shape of a rectangle 20 rods wide, if 
no allowance is made for space beyond the outside rows ? 

State Examination. — Michigan 

1. (a) 9 is a factor of a number if it is a factor of the sum 
of its digits, and not otherwise. Prove. 

(6) At what time between 2 and 3 o’clock are the minute 
and hour hands at right angles to each other ? 

2. In a circle 1 mile in diameter three circles are inscribed, 
tangent to one another and touching the larger circumference. 
What is the area of the space inclosed by the three circles ? 

3. Which would be the better investment and how much 
better for a capital of $5000: Baltimore & Ohio Railroad 
stock quoted at 127-|, brokerage \°/o, paying semiannual divi¬ 
dends of 31 % and the balance in a savings bank paying 3 %, 
or the whole in a 6 % mortgage ? 


EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 


117 


4. Write a concrete problem involving cube root and solve 
in full as you would require your pupils to solve. 

5. Discuss briefly as to the advisability of teaching in the 
grades: metric system, compound proportion, equations, cube 
root, geometrical constructions, partnership, longitude and time. 

6. A train weighing 126 tons rests on an incline and is 
kept from moving down by a force 1500 pounds. What is the 
grade ? 

7. Change 4321 from scale of 10 to scale of 8 and explain. 

8. Find the ratio of the side of a cube to the radius of a 
sphere if the volume of the cube is twice that of the sphere. 

9. Discuss and illustrate graphic arithmetic. 

10. The marbles in a box can be divided exactly into groups 
of 17, but when divided into groups of 16, 18, or 24, 9 remain 
in each case. How many marbles are there ? 

County Examination. — Texas 

1. Two thirds of A’s money equal f of B’s. If they put 
their money together, what part of the whole will A own ? 

2. $ 600.00 Dallas, Texas, Jan. 15, 1904. 

For value received I promise to pay David Dooley, or order, 

on demand, six hundred dollars, with interest at 8 % per 
annum. 

What amount will pay the above note Aug. 20,1904, at exact 
interest ? 

3. If you double the rate and time, what must be done to 
the principal, that the interest be unchanged? How many 
terms are involved in interest ? At what rate must any prin¬ 
cipal be placed to make 5 times itself in 3 years ? 

4. A is in 40° W. longitude. When it is 3 a.m. at A, 
where must B be in order that it may be 10 p.m. ? 


118 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


5. If 16 men hoe 200 acres of cotton in 15 days of 8 hours 
each, how many boys can hoe 150 acres in 12 days of 6 hours 
each; provided, that while working a boy can do only | as 
much as a man, and that the boys are idle of the time ? 

6. A miller charges ^ toll for grinding corn. How many 
bushels, pecks, and quarts must a man take to mill in order 
that he may obtain 13 bushels of meal ? 

7. The solid contents of a cube and of a sphere are each 
3,048,625 cubic inches. Which has the greater surface, and 
how much greater ? 

8. The ice on a circular lake is Lj- feet thick. If the lake 
is 1000 yards in circumference, how many cubic feet of ice on 
the lake ? 

9. I bought two houses for $ 1800, paying 25 % more for 
one than for the other. I sold the cheaper house at a profit 
of 20 %, and the higher priced house at a loss of 16f %. How 
many dollars did I gain or lose ? What was my gain or loss 
per cent ? 

10. A bookseller buys a book whose catalogue price is $ 4 
at a discount of 25 %, 20 %, and 8^ %, and sells it at 10 % 
above the catalogue price. What per cent profit does he 
make ? 


Commercial Arithmetic. — Indiana 

1. Illustrate checking results by 9’s and It’s. 

2. A farmer wishes to construct a square granary 18 feet on 
each side that will hold 800 stricken bushels. Find the depth 
of the bin by the approximate rule. 

3. Illustrate a calculation table. 

4. A man had 6 acres of land; to one party he sold a piece 
25 rods by 20 rods, and to another party 140 square rods. 
What per cent of the field remained unsold ? 


EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 119 

5. Define the following: Discount series, gross price , net 
price. 

6. Make a copy of a bill of goods showing the purchase of 
four articles, one article at a discount of 5 % ; the second 
article, 10 % ; the third article, 15 °/ 0 ; the fourth article, 20 

7. Illustrate a cost key and also a selling key. 

8. A note for $ 1500, dated Jan. 1, 1906, bearing interest at 
6 %, had payments indorsed upon it as follows: March 1, 1906, 
$250; July 1, 1906, $25; Sept. 1, 1906, $ 515; Nov. 1, 1906, 
$175. How much was due upon the note at final settlement, 
April 1, 1907 ? 


State Certificate. — Ohio 

1. The sum of two numbers is 546, their G. C. D. is 21, and 
the difference of the other two factors is 8. Find the numbers. 

2. At what two times between 4 and 5 o’clock are the min¬ 
ute and hour hands of a clock equally distant from 4 ? 

3. Certain employees, having a 9-hour day, strike because of 
a proposed reduction of 10 % in wages. They resume work at 
the same wages, but have a longer day. If the increase in 
time is (to the firm) equivalent to the proposed cut of 10 %, by 
what per cent are the hours increased ? 

4. A dealer sells an article at a gain of 10 % ; had he paid 
for it 16 | % less, and sold it for 7 cents less, he would have 
gained 25 %. Fnd the cost. 

5. A man agrees to pay $ 6000 for a lot in three equal pay¬ 
ments, including 6 % interest on unpaid money. What is the 
yearly payment ? 

6. A lady buys 20 yards of cloth for $ 20; for some she pays 
J of a dollar a yard, for some i of a dollar a yard, and for the 
remainder $4 a yard. How many yards of each kind did she 
buy, provided she bought a whole number of yards of each ? 


120 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


7. A board is 6 inches wide at one end and 18 inches wide 
at the other end. If it is 16 feet long, how far from the shorter 
end must it be cut, parallel to the ends, to divide it into two 
equal parts ? 

8. A man has a square tract of land which contains as many 
acres as it requires rails to build a fence around it. If the 
fence is four rails high, and the rails are 12 feet long, how 
many acres are in the field? 

9. Pure ground mustard contains 35 % of oil. A sample 
of mustard is adulterated with wheat flour. The per cent 
of oil found in a sample is 15. Find the per cent of wheat 
flour in the mixture, allowing 2 % of oil to exist naturally in 
wheat flour. 

10. The true discount of a certain sum for one year is -J-f 
of the interest. Find the rate. 

Teachers’ Examination.—Missouri 

1. A dealer bought two horses at the same price. He sold 
one, at a profit of 20 %, for $102. The other he sold at a loss 
of 10%. How much did he receive for the latter? 

2. A rectangular aquarium is 32 inches long, 24 inches 
wide, and 16 inches deep. How many goldfish may be kept in 
it, allowing 1 gallon of water per fish ? 

3. A man left St. Louis and traveled until his watch was 1 
hour and 3 minutes slow. How many degrees had he traveled 
and in what direction ? 

4. The base of a triangular field is 360 yards, and the altitude 
is 615 feet. How many acres does it contain ? 

5. Two metal spheres of the same material weigh 1000 pounds 
and 64 pounds respectively. The radius of the second is 1 foot. 
Find the radius of the first. 


EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 


121 


6. A dealer sold an automobile for $ 1000, receiving $ 400 
in cash and a note for the rest, due in 3 years, interest 6%, 
payable semiannually. How much interest was paid on the 
note? 

7. Which is the better investment and how much, 5% 
bonds at 110 or 6 % bonds at 118? 

8. Name some subjects given in arithmetic that you think 
might be properly omitted. Give reasons for your answer. 

9. What must be invested in railroad 41% bonds at 91f % 
to yield an annual income of $ 1350, brokerage at | % ? 

10. Analyze: £ of the price paid for a cow was f of the cost 
of a horse. The horse cost $99 more than the cow. Find the 
cost of each. 


State Examination.—New York 

1. What rate per cent of profit will a man make by paying 
$ 17.10 for an article, with discounts of 20 %, 10 %, and 5 % 
from the list price, if he sells it at the list price ? 

2. Find (a) the ratio of the areas of two similar rectangles, 
the length of one being 36 rods and that of the other 90 rods; 
(6) the ratio of the volumes of two similar spheres, the di¬ 
ameter of one being 6 feet and that of the other 8 feet. State 
the principle applied in each case. 

3. A tank to hold 100 barrels can be only 5 feet wide and 
4-1 feet deep. What is the required length ? 

4. If to alcohol which cost $ 1.25 a quart 20 % of its volume 
of water is added, what will be the rate per cent of profit if 
the mixture is sold at $ 1.40 a quart? 

5. If a certain fraction is increased by \ of itself, the result 
multiplied by -§ and the product divided by £, the reciprocal of 
the result will be 4^. Find the fraction. 


122 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


6. Using the mercantile rule, find the amount due May 18, 
1907, on a note for $ 650, given Nov. 30, 1903, on which the 
following payments have been indorsed: Jan. 12, 1905, $225; 
April 23, 1906, $ 250. (Use legal rate of interest.) 

7. Determine the number of rods around a square field, 
the diagonal of which is 340 rods. 

8. A man has an income of $ 1925 for an investment in 
United States Steel stock paying 7 %, purchased at 107, bro¬ 
kerage -J-. How does this income compare with that of the 
same sum invested in a real estate mortgage paying 5 % ? 

9. If $ 260 placed at interest for 1 year 6 months and 20 
days at 6 % produces $ 24.27 interest, what sum placed at 
interest for 11 months and 24 days at 7 % will produce $20 
interest ? (Solve by proportion.) 

10. With no allowance for waste, how many feet of lumber, 
board measure, will it take to make a watering trough 18 feet 
long, 21 feet wide, and 20 inches deep, outside measurements, 
with lumber 11 inches thick ? 

County Examination. — Ohio 

1. Explain the meaning of the following: notation , com¬ 
posite number , insurance premium , commission merchant , trade 
discount. 

2. If A cuts cords of wood in hours, and B 3J cords 
in 8f hours, how long will it take the two together to cut 
enough wood to make a pile 170 feet long, 4 feet wide, and 
6 feet high ? 

3. (a) In the expression “3 % stock at 75,” explain fully 
what is meant, (b) Make and solve a problem to show clearly 
the difference between true discount and bank discount. 

4. A person owns $15,000 bank stock paying 5 which 
he sells. He invests the proceeds in 6 % stock at 120, his 


EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 123 

income being increased $ 60. Find the price at which he sold 
the first stock. 

5. The side of a square inscribed in a circle is 10 feet. Find 
both the diameter and area of the circle. 

6. A miner sold 2 pounds of gold dust at $ 220 a pooind 
avoirdupois, and the broker sold it at $ 16 per ounce Troy. 
Did he gain or lose, and how much ? 

7. Write a rule for finding the area of a rectangle, and illus¬ 
trate by a diagram that children can understand. 

8. A man owns a house valued at $ 1500, land valued at 
$ 2100, and has $ 1500 in a savings bank. If he owes $ 900 
and the tax rate is 18 mills, what is the amount of his tax ? 

County Examination.—Texas 

1. There are two general methods of performing subtrac¬ 
tion. Explain the method you use and justify its use. 

2. Explain as you would to a class that a fraction may be 
considered a problem in division. 

3. How was the length of the meter determined? The 
weight of the gram ? The capacity of the liter ? 

4. Nine men can do a work in 8| days. How many days 
may 3 men remain away and yet finish the work in the same 
time by bringing 5 more with them ? 

5. How many square inches in one face of a cube which 
contains 2,571,353 cubic inches ? 

6. Find the sum whose true discount by simple interest for 
4 years is $ 25 more at 6 % than at 4 % per annum. 

7. Find the length of a minute-hand whose extreme point 
moves 4 inches in 3 minutes 28 seconds. 


124 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


8. A, B, and C dine on 8 loaves of bread; A furnishes 5 
loaves; B, 3 loaves; and C pays 8 cents for his share. How 
must A and B divide the money ? 

9. Bought bonds at 12% premium and sold them at a loss 
of 12i %. At what discount were they sold ? 

10. (a) At what discount should 7 % bonds be bought to 
make 8 % on the investment ? 

(b) At what premium should 8 % bonds be bought to realize 
6f% on the investment ? 

Training Class Certificate. — New York 

1. Distinguish between the simple and the local value of a 
figure. How much greater is the local value of 8 in the fourth 
order of units than in the second decimal place ? 

2. A student paid -J- of his yearly allowance for books and 
TU of the remainder for clothes; he paid $ 20 more for clothes 
than for books. What was his yearly allowance ? 

3. The earth removed in excavating a cellar 33 feet wide 
and 55 feet long, to a depth of 6 feet, is used to raise the sur¬ 
face of a lot containing of an acre. How much is the surface 
of the lot raised ? 

4. It is 9 a.m. at a place 18° 30' east of New York. What 
is the time at a place 46° 15' west of New York? Give a 
model explanation. 

5. The net proceeds of a shipment of 500 tons of hay was 
$ 6790 after a commission of 3 % had been deducted. What 
was the selling price per ton ? 

6. If 46% of the enrollment of a school is boys and there 
are 162 girls, how many boys are enrolled ? Analyze. 

7. Give a clear explanation of the process of finding, by 
factoring, the lowest common multiple of 78, 195, 117. 

8. Describe a lesson to develop the table of square measure. 


EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 


125 


For Second Grade Certificate. — Michigan 

1. (a) What is the least number by which -§, T \, and -f can 
be multiplied to give, in each case, an integer for a product ? 

( b ) Divide some number selected by yourself into integral 
parts having the ratios of j, and 3, respectively. 

2. (a) What is the volume in cubic inches of a body that 
weighs 10 pounds in air and 8 pounds in water ? 

(b) The specific gravity of cork is .24, of gold is 19.36. How 
much gold can be kept from sinking by a cubic foot of cork ? 

3. A can do as much work in a day as B in 11 days. If A 
can do a piece of work in 12 days, how long for them to do the 
work together ? 

4. Sold two horses at $ 120 each. On one I lost 25 %, on 
the other I gained enough to retrieve this loss. What per 
cent did I gain? 

5. When a certain number is divided by 45 there is a re¬ 
mainder of 30. What would be the remainder if the number 
were divided by 9? 

6. Give the following tables, using proper abbreviations: 
linear measure, square measure, liquid measure, and avoirdu¬ 
pois weight. 

7. Mr. Charles Brown has a note for $ 250 at 6 % interest 
per annum, running two years, which was given in Detroit 151 
months ago to John B. Clark and by Clark properly indorsed 
to Brown. Draw the note, making proper indorsement and 
find the interest due to-day. 

8. Analyze: Ten per cent of a consignment of eggs were 
broken. At what per cent advance must the remainder be 
sold to realize a gain of 25 % ? 

9. Formulate and solve an example in both simple and com¬ 
pound proportion. 


126 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


10. Illustrate in a township the following described parcel 
of land and find its value at $ 12.50 per acre: N. i of N. E. \ 
of S. E. Ij sec. 16. 

11. Define (ql) multiple, (b) factor, (c) cancellation, (d) deci¬ 
mal fraction, (e) abstract number, (/) ratio, ( g ) percentage, 
(h) per cent. 

12. Give principles upon which the following operations are 
based: (a) reducing fractions to lower terms, ( b ) reducing 
fractions to a common denominator, (c) pointing off in multi¬ 
plication of decimals, ( d ) dividing percentage by rate to find 
the base. 

13. At $2.50 per rod what will it cost to fence a square 
field containing 10 acres? 

14. A jobber retails at a gain of 25% and discounts this 
price at 20 % and 10 % for cash. What per cent are his 
profits on cash sales ? 

Advanced Arithmetic. — New York 

1. State three principles of the Roman notation and illus¬ 
trate each. Mention two common uses of this system and two 
advantages that the Arabic system has over the Roman. 

2. Subtract 6589 from 14,523 and prove the correctness of 
your result by the method of (a) casting out 9’s, (6) summing 
up the digits (unitate method). 

3. Using the contracted method, find the product of 
.134567 and 8.4032 correct to four places of decimals. 

4. If 18 men can do a piece of work in 24 days, in how 
many days can 27 men do the work ? Solve by (a) analysis, 

( b ) proportion. 

5. If the price of milk rises from 6 cents to 9 cents a 
quart, what per cent is the advance? If the price falls from 
9 cents to 6 cents, what per cent is the fall ? Explain in full. 


EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 


127 


6. A boat travels 15 miles downstream in hours; the 
boat’s rate of travel in still water is 4^ miles an hour. In 
what time can the boat return ? Write analysis in full. 

7. A grocer has defective scales which indicate \ ounce less 
to the pound than the true weight. What is the value of the 
tea that he sells for S 16.64 ? Write analysis in full. 

8. The exact interest on a debt for a given number of days 
and at a given rate is $9.25. What would be the interest on 
the same debt for the same time and at the same rate if com¬ 
puted by the 6 % method ? Explain. 

Teachers’ Examination. — Indiana 

1. Bought 240 barrels of apples at $1.75 a barrel; lost 40 
barrels through frost. At what price a barrel must I sell the 
remainder to gain 25 % on the money invested ? 

2. Find cost of stone wall 4 rods long, 5 feet high, and 2 feet 
thick, at 60 ^ a square foot. 

3. Simplify the following: 

.34 + 2 ' s - 1» + 1 37g 

I x V 

4. A resident of the city, giving up his lease on a house at 
$30 per month, bought a lot at $ 1200 and built a house costing 
$ 2400. Taxes per year are $ 56.70; cost of insurance $ 10, and 
cost of repairs $ 25. Allowing interest at 6 % on the amount 
in the property, how much does he save annually by owning 
his own property ? 

5. After wheeling 12^ miles, a boy found he had traveled 
83^ % of the distance he had intended to go. How long a 
ride did he expect to take ? 

6. The wheels of a locomotive are 15 feet 5 inches in cir¬ 
cumference and make 8 revolutions a second. How long does 
it take it to run 100 miles ? 



128 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


7. Central Park, New York, contains 879 acres, and the new 
reservoir in the Park contains 107 acres. What per cent of 
the park does the reservoir cover ? 

8. Find the interest on $ 1150 for 1 year 3 months and 17 
days at 6 %. 


County Examination. — Texas 

1. Three boys had 169 apples which they shared in the 
ratio of J, and How many did each receive ? 

2. What is the difference in area between a half of a foot 
square and half of a square foot ? 

3. A man living in Galveston observed that his clock, cor¬ 
rect by sun time, was 19 minutes slower than the depot clock, 
correct by standard time, 90th meridian. Find longitude of 
Galveston. 

4. A merchant bought cloth at $1.15 per meter and sold 
it by the yard at a profit of 20 °/ 0 . How much did he get per 
yard? 

5. The distance from Austin to San Antonio is 152,064 
varas. Find the distance in miles. 

6. A merchant paid $ 1323 for goods, and the discounts 
were 25 %, 12| %, and 10 %. Find the list price. 

7. An agent sells 1200 barrels of apples at $4.50 a barrel 
and charges 2i% commission. After deducting his commis¬ 
sion of 8% for buying, he invests the net proceeds in cotton. 
What is his entire commission ? 

8. How much must be invested, if stock 20 % below par 
yield a 6 % income of $ 390 ? 

9. How large a draft, payable in 30 days after sight, can 
be bought for $ 352.62, exchange 1| % discount, and interest 
at 6 % ? 


EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 


129 


10. A grocer has a false balance which gives 14^- ounces to 
the pound. What does he gain by the cheat in selling sugar 
for $ 258.56 ? 

11. What would be the cost of 10 planks each 18 feet long, 
15 inches wide, 2 inches thick, at $40 per thousand board feet? 

For State Certificate. — Ohio 

1. A and B run a race, their rates of running being as 17 to 
18. A runs 2±- miles in 16 minutes 48 seconds, and B the 
whole distance in 34 minutes. What is the distance run ? 

2. The surface of the six equal faces of a cube is 1350 
square inches. What is the length of the diagonal of the cube ? 

3. A man bought 5 % stock at 109i, and 41 % pike stock 
at 107|, brokerage in each case | % ; the former cost him $200 
less than the latter, but yielded the same income. Find the 
cost of the pike stock. 

4. A, B, and C start together and walk around a circle in 
the same direction. It takes A hours, B f hours, C ff hours 
to walk once around the circle. How many times will each 
go around the circle before they will all be together at the 
starting point ? 

5. I hold two notes, each due in two years, the aggregate 
face value of which is $ 1020. By discounting both at 5 %, 
one by bank, the other by true discount, the proceeds will be 
$ 923. Find face of bank note. 

6. The hour and the minute hands of a watch are together 
at 12 o’clock. When are they together again ? 

7. How many cannon balls 12 inches in diameter can be 
put into a cubical vessel 4 feet on a side; and how many gal¬ 
lons of wine will it contain after it is filled with the balls, 
allowing the balls to be hollow, the hollow being 6 inches in 
diameter, and the opening leading to it containing 1 cubic inch ? 


130 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


8. An agent sold a house at 2 % commission. He invested 
the proceeds in city lots at 3 % commission. His commissions 
amounted to $ 350. For what was the house sold ? 

For State Certificate. — Tennessee 

1. What is the difference between common and decimal 
fractions ? 

2. Multiply one tenth by twenty-five ten-thousandths, di¬ 
vide the product by five millionths, and subtract nine tenths 
from the quotient. 

3. When it is 10 o’clock a.m. at Berlin, 13° 23 f 43" E., what 
is the time at Boston, 71° 3' 30" W. ? 

4. A, B, and C can together mow a field in 25 days; A can 
mow it alone in 70 days, and B in 80 days. In what time can 
C mow it alone ? 

5. How many gallons of water will a cistern 5 feet in diam¬ 
eter and 10 feet in depth hold ? 

6. A merchant sold a watch for $40 and lost 20%. With 
the $40 he bought another watch, which he sold at a gain of 
20%. What was the merchant’s gain or loss by the transac¬ 
tions ? 

7. Find the annual interest on $560 for 4 years 3 months 
and 18 days. 

8. If 1800 men have provisions to last 4|- months, at the 
rate of 1 pound 4 ounces a day to each, how long will five times 
as much last 3500 men, at the rate of 12 ounces a day to each 
man ? (Solve by proportion.) 

9. What will it cost, at 90 cents per yard, to carpet a room 
19 x 14|- feet, strips running lengthwise, with carpeting | yard 
wide ? 

10. How many posts, placing them 8 feet apart, will be 
required to fence a square field containing 16 acres ? 


EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 131 

State Examination. — Ohio 

1. What fraction is of its reciprocal ? 

2. The hands of a clock coincide every 66 minutes. How 
much does the clock gain or lose in one hour ? 

3. Wishing to know the height of a certain steeple, I meas¬ 
ured the shadow of the same on a horizontal plane 27| feet. 
I then erected a 10-foot pole on the same plane and it cast a 
shadow 2| feet. What was the height of the steeple ? 

4. A offered me a bill of sugar for $1800 on 6 months’ 
credit, or for the present worth of that sum for cash. I ac¬ 
cepted the latter offer and obtained the money at a bank for 
the same time at 6 %. Did I lose or gain and how much ? 

5. A stone was thrown into an empty cylindrical vessel, 
which was then filled with water; when the stone was taken 
out, the water fell 4.75 inches. What was the volume of the 
stone, the diameter of the vessel being 9 inches ? 

6. A passenger train leaves a certain station at 2 o’clock, to 
go to the end of the road, 120 miles, and travels at the rate of 
25 miles an hour. At what time must a freight train which 
travels at the rate of 15 miles in 50 minutes, have left, so as 
not to be overtaken by the passenger train ? 

7. A owns a house which rents for $ 1450, and the tax on 
which is 2f% on a valuation of $8500. He sells for 
$ 15,300 and invests in stock at 90 that pays 7 % dividends. 
Is his yearly income increased or diminished, and how much ? 

8. The distance between the centers of two wheels is 12 
feet. If their radii are 7 feet and 1 foot, find the length of the 
belting necessary for one to run the other. 

For State Certificate. — Tennessee 

1. State the difference between common and decimal frac¬ 
tions. 


132 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


2. Approximately the longitude of Carthage is 10 degrees 
15 minutes and 20 seconds east, while that of Colon is 79 
degrees 25 minutes and 30 seconds west. When it is 9 o’clock 
a.m. at Carthage, what is the hour at Colon ? 

3. 87 % of 961 is 29 % of what number ? 

4. Make formulae for each case of percentage. 

5. A boy had two goats which he sold for $6 each. 
What did they cost him if he gained 20% on one and lost 
20 % on the other ? 

6. Write a negotiable promissory note; a draft; a check. 

7. Find the annual interest on $760 at 5 per cent for 
4 years 5 months 18 days. 

How long must $ 84.80 be put on interest at 5J % to amount 
to $102.29? 

8. Divide 65 into parts proportional to 1, and 

9. If a mow of hay 32 feet long, 16 feet wide, and 16 feet 
high lasts 8 horses 20 weeks, how many weeks will a mow of 
hay 28 feet long, 20 feet wide, and 12 feet high last 5 horses? 

10. Two trees, 80 and 120 feet high, respectively, are 30 
yards apart. What is the distance between their tops ? 

Teachers’ Examination. — Ohio 

1. Find the decimal which when added to the difference 
of and 0.002775 produces the square of 0.215. 

2. A can do a piece of work in 2 hours, B in 2i hours, and 
C in 3J hours. How much of the work can they do in 20 
minutes, all working together ? 

3. Find the principal that will amount to $131.88 in 2 
years 11 months 15 days at 6 %. 

4. Write an example in trade discount and give solution. 


EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 


133 


5. Sold an invoice of books at a loss of 16f %. Had I 
paid $400 less, my gain would have been 25%. What was 
the selling price ? 

6. A’s money added to § of B’s, which is to A’s as 2 is to 
3, being put on interest for 6 years at 4 % amounts to $744. 
How much money has each ? 

7. I received $4850 and a consignment of 2000 barrels of 
flour which I sold at $.7.50 a barrel and invested the net 
proceeds and cash in cotton. How much did I invest in cotton, 
my commission being 3% for selling and 1\% for buying, 
and the expenses for storage and freight $350? 

8. What should be paid for a 6 % stock that 8 % may be 
realized on the investment ? 

9. When do the hour and minute hand of a watch coincide 
between 8 and 9 o’clock ? 

10. A bushel measure and a peck measure are of the same 
shape. Find the ratio of their heights. 

For County Superintendent. — Tennessee 

1. A man has \\ miles to go; after he has gone 

T X 1-J-S- f 

of a mile, how far has he yet to go ? 

2. Simplify: (0.08^ + 1.21) - (0.006J x 0.016). 

3. Reduce 2 pecks 3 quarts 1.2 pints to the decimal of a 
bushel. 

4. A man sold two horses for $ 200 each. On one he made 
50 % of the cost, and on the other he lost 50 %. Did he make 
or lose by these sales, and how much ? 

5. A merchant sends his agent $ 10,246.50 with which to 
buy flour. After deducting his commission ol3\%, how many 
barrels of flour at $ 5.50 a barrel can be purchased ? 




134 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


6. A note of $ 850 with interest payable annually at 5 % 
was paid 3 years 3 months 18 days after date, and no interest 
had previously been paid. What was the amount due ? 

7. What is the exact interest on $600 at 5 % for 90 days? 

8. If 4 men can dig a ditch 72 rods long, 5 feet wide, and 
2 feet deep in 12 days, how many men can dig a ditch 120 rods 
long 6 feet wide 1 foot 6 inches deep in 9 days ? 

9. Find the cube root of 28.094464. 

10. A man receives $ 630 as his annual dividend from 7 % 
stock. How many shares of $100 each does he hold. 

Teachers’ Examination. — Georgia 

1. What is a Unit? A Number? A pure, or abstract, 
Number ? What is an Integer ? 

2. At what time should Wentworth’s Elementary Arith¬ 
metic be taken up ? What kind of training ought the child 
to have had as an introduction to book work ? 

3. What powers ought to receive special training before 
book work is begun ? 

4. Give suggestions of lessons intended to train (a) the 
eye, ( p ) the ear, (c) the touch. Would any good purposes be 
served by having arithmetic lessons relate generally to the 
community and its life ? Why ? 

5. Change the following numbers in Roman Notation into 
Arabic Notation: 

DXLVI, MCDXCII, CCIV, MDCCCCXI, DCXI. 

6. Define the following: a Prime Number; a Composite 
Number; Factor; Multiple; Least Common Multiple. 

7. A farmer who owned f of an acre of land sold f of his 
share at the rate of $300 an acre. How much did he get 
for it? 


EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 


135 


8. What is Ratio? Proportion? The Washington Monu¬ 
ment casts a shadow 223 feet 6f inches when a post 3 feet high 
casts a shadow 14.5 inches. What is the height of the monu¬ 
ment ? 

9. A man bought 20 acres of land at $50.25 an acre. He 
sold f of an acre to B, 8f acres to C, and the remainder to I). 
If he received $65 an acre from B and C, and $60 an acre 
from D, how much did he gain ? 

10. James McKnight bought from James Laird, Charleston, 
S.C., as follows: 

40 joists 2 x 6, 18 feet long, at $25 per M. 

16 beams 6 x 9, 20 feet long, at $30 per M. 

72 scantling 2 x 4, 12 feet long, at $ 24 per M. 

240 boards 1 x 10, 12 feet long, at $ 18 per M. 

24 planks 2 x 14, 16 feet long, at $17.50 per M. 

Make out complete bill, and find amount due Laird. 

For County Certificate. — Louisiana 

1. Find the difference between If x 2f and 0.019 of 220. 

2. Express ratio of 25f yards to 14f rods in three different 
ways: first, as a common fraction in its lowest terms; second, 
as a decimal fraction; and, third, a rate per cent. 

3. On November 21, 1908, Henry Brown loaned to Peter 
White on his note for 2 years at 8 per cent, $500. 

Write the note. Payments on the note were made as follows: 


Jan. 1, 1909 .$200 

Sept. 15, 1909 . 125 


What was due at maturity of note ? 

4. A real estate dealer asked for a farm 25 per cent more 
than it cost. He finally took 15 per cent less than the asking 
price and gained $ 1000. What was his asking price ? (Ana¬ 
lyze.) 




136 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


5. If 4 men dig a trench in 15 days of 10 hours each, in 
how many days of 8 hours each can 5 men perform the same 
work ? (Analyze.) 

6. What will be the cost of a pile of wood 20 feet x 14 feet 
x 12 feet at $ 3.50 a cord ? 

7. A, B, and C enter into partnership. A puts in $500 for 
5 months, B puts in $1000 for 8 months, and C $1500 for 2 
years. They gain $ 1200. What is the share of each ? 

Teachers’ Certificate. — Florida 

1. A man having 100 fowls sold \ of them to E and f of 
the remainder to E. W'hat was the value of what remained, if 
they were worth 26 cents apiece ? 

2. What is the exact value of ^3 + 2\ — f of f -f 41 ? 

3. A man sold 8 bushels 3 pecks 4 quarts of cranberries at 
$3£ a bushel, and took his pay in flour at 3^ cents a pound. 
How many barrels of flour did he receive ? 

4 . The difference in time between London and New York 
is 4 hours 55 minutes 37-| seconds. What is their difference 
in longitude ? 

5. How much less would it cost to make a brick sidewalk 
41 feet wide and 260 feet long, at $ 1.08 a square yard, than to 
lay a stone walk of the same dimensions, at 22 cents a square 
foot ? 

6. A merchant marked cloth at 25 °j 0 advance on the cost. 
The goods being damaged, he was obliged to take off 20 % of 
the marked price, selling it at $1 per yard. What was the 
cost ? 

7. What is the duty on 18 pieces of Brussels carpeting, of 
60 yards each, invoiced at 45 cents per yard, the specific duty 
being 38 cents per yard, and the ad valorem duty 35 % ? 


EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 


137 


8. If 9 men can mow 75 acres of grass in 6 days of 8| 
hours each, in how many days of 8 hours each can 15 men mow 
198 acres ? 

9. A merchant bought a bill of goods amounting to $3257 
on a credit of 3 months, but was offered a discount of 2| % for 
cash. How much would he have gained by paying cash, money 
being worth 7 % ? 

10. How many cubic feet are there in a spherical body 
whose diameter is 25 feet ? 

Teachers’ Examination. — California 
Oral Arithmetic 

1. I sold a horse for $60 and thereby lost \ of the cost. 
What should I have sold it for to gain \ of the cost ? 

2. If to a certain number % of itself and ^ of itself be 
added, the sum will be 66. Find the number. 

3. A bicyclist rode 27 miles in 2 hours 15 minutes. What 
was the rate in miles per hour ? 

4. What is the square of 3^? Answer to be a mixed 
number. 

5. Write equivalent common fractions for the following 
decimals: .871, .621, .061. 

6. A, B, and C enter into partnership. A puts in $ 400 for 
1 year; B $ 300 for 2 years; C $ 200 for 4 years; they gain 
$720. What is the share of each? 

7. Sold 24 boxes of apples at $1.50 a box, and bought cloth 
with the proceeds at $ .75 a yard. How many yards did I buy ? 

8. What per cent of 51-^ is 17-^ ? 

9. A field containing 3200 square rods is just twice as long 
as it is wide. What are its dimensions ? 

10 . 3^-|x| + 2i — 6 is | of what number ? 


138 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


For State Certificate. — Washington 

1. Analyze: A has 20% more money than B, who has 
25 % more than C. A has $80 more than C. How much has 
each? 

2. Analyze: A can do a piece of work in 13 days, B in 18 
days, and C in 20 days. After all have worked 4 days, how 
long will it take C, working alone, to finish ? 

3. If the proceeds of a sale of 20 tons of potatoes, allow¬ 
ing 4% commission, was $432, at what price per hundred¬ 
weight were they sold? 

4. Goods marked to be sold at 35 % profit, were sold at a 
discount of 20 % from marked price; the gain w'as $ 192. 
What was the marked price? 

5. What is the capacity in liters of a tank 4 meters 6 deci¬ 
meters long, 3 meters 2 decimeters wide, 2 meters 5 decimeters 
deep ? What is the capacity in kiloliters ? 

6. Principal $675; time 1 year 6 months. Find amount 
and write the note in full, making it negotiable by indorsement. 

7. Find one edge of a cube whose volume is 2515.456 cubic 
inches. 

8. If 24 men in 15 days of 12 hours each dig a trench 300 
rods long, 5 yards wide, and 6 feet deep, in how many days of 
10 hours each can 45 men dig a trench 125 rods long, 5 yards 
wide, and 8 feet deep ? (Solve by proportion.) 

9. (a) Find f of 3 miles 64 rods 3 yards 2 feet 8 inches. 

(5) Express .45 mile in integers of lower denominations. 

10 . Find the number of board feet in four pieces 10" x 2' x 16', 
two pieces 10" x 8" x 32', and one piece 12" x 12" x 40'. 

11. Find the volume of the largest square prism that can be 
cut from a cylinder 4 feet in diameter, 12 feet long. 


EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 139 

For State Certificate. — Washington 

1. Analyze: A horse cost one fourth more than a carriage; 
the horse was sold for 20 % more than cost, and the carriage 
for 20 °/ 0 less than cost. Both together sold for $368. What 
was the cost of each ? 

2. Analyze: At what time between 8 and 9 o’clock are the 
hands of a watch together ? 

3. When it is 6 p.m. at St. Paul 95° 4' 55" west, it is 33 
minutes 54 seconds after 1 a.m. next day at Constantinople. 
What is the longitude of Constantinople ? 

4 . Find the proceeds of note of $ 825, drawing interest at 
7 °!o per annum, given April 25, 1908, due 6 months after date, 
discounted July 13 at 8 % per annum. 

5. What annual income is derived from $8475 invested in 
5J % bonds bought at 113 ? 

6. (a) What number is 40 % more than 850 ? 

(6) 1050 is how r many per cent more than 630 ? 

(c) What number is 20 % less than 800 ? 

( d) 600 is 25 % less than what number ? 

(e) 900 is how many per cent less than 1200 ? 

7. The hypotenuse of a right triangle is 115, its altitude is 
92. What is its base? What is its area? 

8. The dimensions of a rectangular solid are 24 inches, 20^ 
inches, and 12 inches. Find its area and volume. Find the 
edge of a cube of equal volume. 

9. Find the area in hectares of a field 30 dekameters in 
length, 20 dekameters in width. 

10. If the freight on 30 head of cattle, each weighing 1400 
pounds, for a distance of 160 miles, is $ 112, what should be 
the freight on 36 head, each weighing 1800 pounds, for a dis¬ 
tance of 140 miles ? (Solve by proportion.) 


140 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


Eor State Certificate. — Oregon 

1. A well at Madison, Wisconsin, furnishes enough water 
to irrigate 110 acres of land 2 inches deep, every 10 minutes. 
At this rate how many acres can it cover to the depth of 1 inch 
every day ? 

2. A dealer bought two horses at the same price. He sold 
one at a profit of 20 % for $ 102. The other he sold at a loss 
of 10%. How much did he receive for the latter? 

3. (a) Eind the interest on $625.20 for 6 months 9 days 

at 5%. (6) Some 4-foot wood is piled 5 feet high. The pile 

is 2 rods long. How many cords are there ? 

4. Eind the discount and proceeds of the following note: 
Eace, $175. Time, four months without grace. Rate, 6%. 

5. An agent has $590 to invest after deducting his com¬ 
mission of 2 % on the money invested. What amount does he 
invest ? 

6. The distance around a square farm is 3 miles 240 rods. 
Eind the length of each side; the area in acres. 

7. Allowing 231 cubic inches to the gallon, how many gal¬ 
lons in a watering trough that is 6 feet long and 16 inches 
wide, the ratio of its depth to its width being 3:4? 

8. A boy in a grocery store receives $ 8 a week. He spends 
20% of it for board, 20% of the remainder for clothes, and 
$2 in other ways. If he saves the rest, how much will he 
save in a year ? 

9. (By proportion.) When 2 men can mow 16 acres of 
grass in 10 days, working 8 hours a day, how many men 
would it take to mow 27 acres in 9 days, working 10 hours a 
day? 

10. How long must a pile of wood be to contain 10 steres, 
if it is 3.5 meters high and 3.8 meters wide ? 


EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 


141 


11. The diagonal of one face of a cube is V162 inches. 
Find the surface and the volume of the cube. 

12. What will it cost to gild a ball 25 inches in diameter at 
$ 13.50 a square foot ? 

Examination for Teachers’ Certificate. — Pennsylvania 

1. The longitude of Washington, D.C., is 77° 03' 06" west. 
Tokyo is 139° 44' 30" east. W T hen it is 6 o’clock p.m. in 
Washington, Feb. 10, what is the time in Tokyo ? 

2. How many yards of carpet 27 inches wide are required 
to cover a floor 20 feet long and 15 feet wide, allowing 
yards for matching ? 

3. On March 9, 1908, John Doe bought a house from 

Richard Roe for $6000; 20% of the price was paid immedi¬ 
ately and a 6-months note bearing 6% interest, given for the 
remainder. The note was discounted at bank April 9. Write 
the note and find the discount. . 

4. Three contractors, A, B, and C, did work for which they 
received $1500. A furnished 12 men 24 days; B, 20 men 12 
days; and C, 18 men 20 days. What is the share of each ? 

5. How far is it between the tops of two trees which are 
80 feet apart, if their heights are 40 feet and 100 feet respec¬ 
tively ? 

6'. The weight of a ball 4 inches in diameter was 8 pounds; 
\ of the diameter was turned off. How many cubic inches 
were turned off, and what was its weight then ? 

Teachers’ Examination. — Washington 

1 A boy, after doing f of a piece of work in 30 days, is 
assisted by his father, with whom he completes the work in 
6 days. How long would it have taken each to do the work 
alone ? (Analyze in full.) 


142 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


2. A fruit dealer bought oranges at the rate of 40 for $ 1, 
and sold them at 50 cents per dozen. Find gain per cent. He 
also bought apples at the rate of 5 for 2 cents and sold them at 
8 cents per dozen. How many must he buy and sell in order to 
gain $2? (Analyze in full.) 

3. A farmer finds that a bin 8 feet long, 3 feet 6 inches wide, 
and 5 feet deep holds about 112 bushels. How many bushels 
may be contained in a bin 50 % longer, twice as wide, and 50 °fo 
as deep ? 

4. A man who owns a quarter section of coal land claims 
that he has a bed of coal 6 feet thick covering the entire 
quarter. If so, how many tons of coal has he, allowing 40 
cubic feet to the ton ? 

5. The steeple of a certain church is a pyramid 28 feet in 
slant height and stands upon a base 14 feet square. Find 
cost of painting it at 10 cents per square yard. 

6. A certain city bought two horses for the fire depart¬ 
ment, but finding them unfit for the work, sold them for $300 
each, thus gaining 20 % on one, and losing 20 % on the other. 
Did the city gain or lose, and how much ? 

7. A rectangular lot contains one acre and has a street 
frontage of 120 feet. How deep is the lot and how many yards 
of fence are required to inclose it ? 

8. The hour hand of a clock is 4 inches long. Over -what 
area does it pass upon the dial during a school day; that is, 
from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m.? 

9. Our most expensive battleship, the Connecticut , cost 
$ 6,000,000, and the Louisiana 97^ % as much. This was 117 % 
of the cost of the Vermont, which cost ^ more than the Kansas. 
Find total cost of this division of our fleet. 

10. The cruiser Olympia is 21^ % faster than the battleship 
Oregon, which is a 19-knot vessel. If each runs at full speed, 


EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 


143 


how much can the former gain upon the latter in going from 
Tacoma to Seattle, the distance being 23 knots ? 

11. A swimming tank is 40 meters long and 15 meters wide. 
When filled to an average depth of 2 meters, how many liters 
of water does it contain ? Find weight of the water in kilo¬ 
grams. 

For State Certificate. — Colorado 

1. A man bought a lot for $1200, and built a house for 
$1980. He insured the house for J of its value at f %. The 
house burned and the lot was sold for $ 1328. How much was 
the gain or loss? 

2. At what price must you mark a hat costing $ 1.50 so 
you can discount the price 20 % and still make 12 % ? 

3. In a school \ of the pupils study grammar, 1 arithmetic, 
\ geography, and the remainder, which is 39, write. How 
many pupils in the school ? 

4. (a) How many yards of brussels carpet f yard wide will 
cover a floor 24 feet 9 inches long and 17^ feet wide, if the 
strips run lengthwise and the matching of the figure requires 
that 6 inches be turned under ? (6) What will the carpet cost 
at $1.65 per yard? 

5. When 5 % bonds are quoted at 104, what sum must be 
invested to yield an annual income of $ 800 ? 

6. If 14 persons spend $1120 in 8 months, at the same 
rate, what will 9 of the same persons spend in 5 months ? 

7. $500.00 Denver, Colo., May 12, 1908. 

Ninety days after date, I promise to pay to the order of 

Charles Taylor, Five Hundred Dollars, at the Central National 
Bank. Value received. 

John J. Smith. 

Discounted May 25, 1908. Find the proceeds. Bate 6 %. 


144 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


8. How many square feet of surface in a stovepipe 16 feet 
long and 7 inches in diameter ? 

9. A, B, and C can do a piece of work in 10 days, and B and 
C can do it in 18 days. In what time can A do it alone ? 

10. How many board feet in 16 pieces of lumber, each being 
14 feet long, 16 inches wide, and 1^ inches thick ? 

11. The specific gravity of sand is How much will a 
cubic yard of sand weigh ? 

State Examination.—Maine 

1. What are fractions? What names are given to the 
terms of a fraction ? Why are they so named ? What is the 
value of a fraction ? 

2. Why is it necessary to teach L. C. M. and G. C. D. before 
teaching fractions ? What two things must be taught before 
teaching L. C. M. and G. C. D. ? Find the L. C. M. and G. C. D. 
of 9, 12, and 54. 

3. Add five-sixths, two-fifths, and four-fifteenths. State the 
four steps taken and give reasons for each. 

4. Change 5 shillings and 8 pence to the decimal of a 
pound. Write the tables of Long and Liquid measures as 
used to-day. How many cords in a pile of wood 18 feet long, 
4 feet wide, and 5|- feet high ? Write and solve a problem in 
Reduction descending. 

5. A sold B a farm for $ 2400, which was 20 % more than 
it cost him, and took B’s note for that amount due in 6 months 
without interest. If he had that note discounted at a Maine 
bank, what was his actual gain and what per cent did he gain ? 
Write the note taken. What did A have to do before the bank 
would discount the note ? 


EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 145 

For State Certificate. — California 

1. I pay $275 for a lot and build on it a bouse costing 
$ 1720, which my agent rents for $ 25 a month, charging 5 % 
commission. What per cent do I make on the money in¬ 
vested? 

2. A house valued at $ 1200 had been insured for f of its 
value for 3 years at 1 % per annum. During the third year it 
was destroyed by fire. What was the actual loss to the owner, 
no allowance being made for interest? 

3. A man purchased goods for $ 10,500 to be paid in 3 equal 
installments, without interest; the first in 3 months, the sec¬ 
ond in 4 months, the third in 8 months. How much cash will 
pay the debt, money being worth 7 °/o ? 

4. The surface of a sphere is the same as that of a cube, the 
edge of which is 12 inches. Find the volume of each. 

5. Subtract lO^ from 15$, divide the remainder by {, add 
.625 to the quotient, multiply this sum by 16$, and add 66§f 
to the product. 

6. A square field contains 10 acres. What will it cost to 
fence it at $ 1.25 per rod ? 

7. The longitude of Cincinnati is 84 degrees 26 minutes W., 
and that of San Francisco 122 degrees 26 minutes 15 seconds 
W. When it is noon at Cincinnati, what time is it in San 
Francisco ? 

8. How many pencils 7 inches long can be made from a 
block of red cedar 7 inches b}' 10$ inches by 2\ inches, if the 
block is sawed into strips 3$ inches wide and ^ inches thick, 
each strip making the halves of 6 pencils ? 

9. A man bought a horse for $ 72, and sold it for 25 °fc niore 
than cost, and 10 % less than he asked for it. What did he 
ask for it ? 


146 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


10. A person purchased two lots of land for $ 200 each, and 
sold one at 40 % more than cost, and the other at 20 % less 
than cost, and took a promissory note for the amount of the 
proceeds of the sale, bearing 8 % interest for 2 years com¬ 
pounded annually. At maturity he collected the note. What 
per cent of profit was the amount of the note on the original 
sum invested in the lots. 

State Examination. — Oklahoma 

1. How do you teach the carrying of tens in addition ? 

2. Illustrate by a drawing of a dial plate that the time past 
noon plus the time to midnight equals 12 hours. 

3. Explain the process of multiplying a fraction by a 
fraction. 

4. Explain the placing of the decimal point in multiplica¬ 
tion and division of decimals. 

5. Present your method of teaching interest. 

6. Factor 1225, 1448, 2356. 

7. Illustrate three ways of finding the G-. C. D. 

8. Find the annual interest on $ 500 for 5 years 5 months 
and 5 days at 6 %. 

9. The list price of goods is $90. I buy for 20 and 10 off. 
Find cost to me. 

10. The diagonal of a square field is 75 rods. What would 
be the diagonal of another square field whose area is four times 
as great ? Illustrate. 

11. At 66 cents a bushel, what is the value of the wheat 
which fills a bin 6 feet long and 5 feet square at the ends ? 

12. The boundaries of a square and circle are each 40 feet. 
Which has the greater area and how much ? 


EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 147 

For Third Grade Certificate. — Rhode Island 

1. Explain the fact that multiplying the numerator of a 
fraction or dividing the denominator by a whole number in¬ 
creases the value of the fraction. 

2. Simplify the fraction ^1| -f | of -f- 2^^. 

3. Coffee bought for 20 cents per pound shrinks 8^%. 
For how much per pound must I sell it to gain 10 %? 

4. Two men are working 8 hours and 10 hours per day at 
the same daily wages. After working 3 days, each works 1 
hour per day more for 3 days. If the amount paid for the 
whole work is $ 20.28, what should each receive ? 

5. Three kinds of tea costing 68 cents, 86 cents and 96 
cents a pound are mixed in equal quantities and sold for 90 
cents a pound. Find the gain per cent. 

6. If a square lot contains 640 acres of land, how many 
rods of fence will be required to inclose it ? 

7. The population of a town in 1890 was 12,298, a decrease 
of 81 % of the census of 1880; in 1880 there was an increase 
of 71 % of the census of 1870. What was the population in 
1870? 

8. Telegraph poles are usually placed 88 yards apart. Show 
that if a passenger in a railway train counts the number of 
poles passed in 3 minutes, this number will express the rate 
of the train in miles per hour. 

9. A gives B a note for $ 100, payable in 60 days. If B 
has the note discounted at a bank at 5 % 2 weeks afterward, 
how much money will he receive ? 

10 . (a) If the price of land is $3000 per acre, what would 
a lot 60 feet by 100 feet cost ? ( b ) What would be the cost of 
a similar lot 50 feet long at double the price ? 


148 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


Junior Matriculation. — Ontario 


1 . Express as a decimal: 


'2.375 8.8 

, 6.3 0.0625 



>) 


5 

6 ' 


2. Use contracted methods to find: 

(а) 1250 (1.05) 5 , correct to two decimal places; 

(б) 1 -r- 0.4342945, correct to four decimal places. 

3. How much money deposited in a bank will amount to 
$ 1500 in 1 year, the bank paying 3 % per annum, compounded 
quarterly ? 

4. A man has a choice of insuring his house for J of its 
value at 1^%, or for of its value at 1 \ c f 0 . By what per cent 
of the value of the house is one premium greater than the other ? 

5. What is the value of the goods handled in each of the 
following cases: 

(а) An agent receives $2450 to invest in goods after re¬ 

taining his commission of 2J%? 

(б) An agent remits to his firm $2450, the proceeds of a 

sale for which he retains his commission of 2\ % ? 

6. A man has an annual income of $1785 from an invest¬ 
ment in 10^ <J 0 stock which is quoted at 137. What would his 
income be if he had his money out at 7 % interest ? 

7. What must a Canadian company pay for a draft to can¬ 
cel a debt of £ 2430 in London, Eng., exchange being quoted 
at 81 ? 

8. The base of a prism of height 125 inches is a parallelo¬ 
gram with a diagonal 104 inches and two sides 45 inches and 
85 inches. Eind the volume. 

9. Find (a) the total surface, ( b ) the volume, of a block of 
wood 18 inches square and 3 inches thick, with a circular hole 
of 14 inches diameter through its center. 





EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 149 

State Examination. — North Dakota 

1. Define commission, interest, exchange, annuity. 

2. A boy who bought 20% as many marbles as he had, 
found that he then had 60. How many had he at first ? 

3. According to the metric system what is the unit of 
capacity, of weight, of surface measurements ? 

4. What must be the length of a plot of ground, if the 
breadth is 18| feet, that its area may contain 56 square yards ? 

5. What must be the price paid for 5 % stock so that it 
may yield the same rate of income as 4J % stock at 96 ? 

6 . A merchant sold a coat for $15.40 and gained 20%. 
How much would he have gained if he had sold it for $ 16.50 ? 

7. What is the depth of a cubical cistern which contains 
2744 cubic feet ? What will it cost to plaster the sides and 
bottom at $ .35 per square yard ? 

8. A village must raise $8795 by taxation. The assessed 
valuation is $989,387, and there are 670 persons subject to a 
poll tax of $1 each. A’s property is assessed at $10,000 
and he is a resident of the village. What amount will he pay 
in taxes ? 

9. A bridge is 6 rods long and 18 feet wide. What is the 
cost of flooring this bridge with 3-inch plank at $22.50 per M.? 

10. A has f more money than B, and together they have 
$510. How much has each ? Give work in full. 

For Teachers’ Certificate. — Iowa 

1. On a map constructed on a scale of 16 o ^is- 

tance from Detroit to Chicago is 11.29 inches. How many 
miles between these cities ? 

2. What principal will yield $62.50 interest in 1 year 
3 months at 4 % ? 


150 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


3 . Define: concrete number, interest, gram, date line, cord 
foot. 

4 . (a) Divide 3J- - £ X T \ by 214 + + 41 x 5. 

(6) What decimal part of a bushel is 2 pecks 4 quarts ? 

5 . What is the area of the circle inscribed in a square 
whose area is 196 square inches ? Of the square inscribed in 
this circle ? 

6 . A collector has a $500 note placed in his hands with 
power to compromise; he accepts 75 cents on a dollar and 
charges 5 % of the sum collected, and 25 cents for a draft. 
What are the net proceeds ? 

7 . What is the difference between local time and standard 
time at Chicago, the longitude of Chicago being 87 degrees 
36 minutes and 42 seconds west ? 

8 . Which is the better discount, 10%, 12%, 5%, or 15%, 
6 %, 6 % ? What three equal rates of discount are equivalent 
to the latter ? 

9. A cubic foot of water weighs 1000 ounces, and in freez¬ 
ing expands TO of itself in length, breadth, and thickness. 
Find the weight of a cubic foot of ice. 

10 . When a Boston draft for $35,000 can be bought in New 
Orleans for $34,930, is exchange at a premium, at par, or at 
a discount ? What is the rate ? 

Teachers’ State Examination. — Iowa 

1 . Define: composite number, concrete number, least com¬ 
mon multiple of two or more numbers, rectangle, trapezoid, 
common fraction, decimal fraction. 

2 . (a) Express in Roman notation: 723, 1909, 1776, 2499, 
31,749. 

(6) Express in words: .0276, 100.001, 101, .00047. 


EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 151 

3. Reduce 44 rods 5 feet 6 inches to the decimal part of a 
mile. 

4. How many yards of carpet 27 inches wide will be needed 
to carpet a room 13 feet by 17 feet if the waste in matching is 
6 inches on a strip ? 

5. If goods are bought at 20 and 10% off and sold at list 
price, what per cent of profit is made ? 

6. A note for $ 580 dated March 16, 1909, and due in one 
year at 6 % interest, was discounted at a bank 3 months later 
at 8 %. Eind the proceeds. 

7. A water tank is 16 feet long, 4 feet wide, and feet 
high. How many barrels will it hold ? How many bushels ? 

8. Eind the number of acres within a circular race track 
whose circumference is f of a mile. 

9. A tax of $52,000 is to be raised in a city whose assessed 
property valuation is $1,830,000. Eind the tax rate. If A’s 
property is assessed at $16,000, how much does he pay for 
his taxes ? 

10. A factory valued at $50,000 was insured for f of its 
value at f % premium. Find the annual premium. 

11 . Eind the diagonal of a field that is a half mile long and 
contains 120 acres. How many rods of fence will be needed 
to inclose this field ? 

For State Certificate. — South Carolina 

1. Divide 7.601825 by 347.512, multiply quotient by .05, 
to the product add 3.45, and from sum subtract 2.115. 

2. Simplify (31 + 4 \ - 5\ x f) -s- (31). 

3. Eind the weight in tons of the water in a dock 24 feet 
deep and covering y 1 ^ of an acre, given that a cubic foot of 
water weighs 62J pounds. 


152 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


4 . Find the simple interest on $2000 for 2 years 9 months 
18 days at 7 %. 

5 . How many men are required to cultivate a field of Z-J 
acres in 51 days of 10 hours each ? Given that each man com¬ 
pletes 77 square yards in 9 hours. 

6 . On a map made on a scale of 6 inches to a mile, a rect¬ 
angular field is represented by a space 1 inch long and \ inch 
broad. How many acres are there in the field ? 

7 . At what rate per cent will $2250 amount to $2565 in 
4 years at simple interest? 

8 . If the wholesale dealer makes a profit of 25 % and the 
retail dealer a profit of 40%, what is the cost of an article 
which is sold at retail for $ 18 ? 

9 . What fraction of 39 gallons is 3 bushels and 3 pints ? 
If a gallon contains 231 cubic inches and a bushel contains 
2150.4 cubic inches, answer as a common fraction in its lowest 
terms. 


State Examination. — Virginia 

1 . (a) A fruit dealer bought oranges at the rate of 40 for 
$1, and sold them at 50 cents per dozen. Find gain per 
cent. ( b ) He also bought apples at the rate of 5 for 2 cents, 
and sold them at 8 cents per dozen. How many must he buy 
and sell in order to gain $2? (Analyze in full.) 

2 . The steeple of a certain church is a pyramid 28 feet in 
slant height, and stands upon a base 14 feet square. Find 
cost of painting it at 10 cents per square yard. 

3 . A certain city bought two horses for the fire department, 
but finding them unfit for the work, sold them for $300 each: 
thus gaining 20 per cent on one, and losing 20 per cent on the 
other. Did the city gain or lose, and how much? (Show 
work.) 


EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 


153 


4. A rectangular lot contains one acre and lias a street 
frontage of 120 feet. How deep is the lot and how many 
yards of fence are required to inclose it ? 

5. ( a ) What is 16^% of 900? (6) 98 is what per cent of 

2450? (c) 128 is 32% of what number? ( d ) 1350 is 25% 

more than what number? ( e ) 765 is 10% less than what 
number ? 

6. Eind the- interest and maturity value of a note of $600 
for 3 years 3 months 24 days at 6 %. 

7. (a) Write a negotiable promissory note, using the above 
data. ( b) Make out a bill containing four items of merchan¬ 
dise, and acknowledge payment. 

8. A man sold his farm and invested the money at 6 % 
interest. In one year he spent i- of his income traveling, ^ 
for a library, and saved $ 100. Required, selling price of farm. 
(Analyze in full.) 

9. A wagon loaded with hay weighed 43 hundredweight 
and 68 pounds. The wagon was afterwards found to weigh 
9 hundredweight and 98 pounds. Required, value of hay at 
$ 10 per ton. 

10 . What is the net amount of a bill of $800, after allow¬ 
ing successive discounts of 25 %, 10 %, and 5 % ? 

Second Class Professional. — Ontario 

1. Write an article on Arithmetic in Public Schools, under 
the following headings: 

(а) Purpose of teaching Arithmetic; 

(б) Correlation with other subjects; 

(c) Place and value of Oral Arithmetic. 

2. Outline a lesson plan for teaching “8” (Numbers 1-7 
are supposed to be known). What facts would you teach 
before proceeding to “ 9 ” ? 


154 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


3. Assuming that your class know how to multiply by a 
one digit number, show how you would teach the multiplication 
of 234 by 23. 

4. How would you make clear to a class the principles in¬ 
volved in the ordinary method of finding the G. C. M. of such 
numbers as 2449 and 2573? 

5. Mention the topics of all the previous lessons in frac¬ 
tions which you would require to teach as a preparation for a 
lesson on the multiplication of f by f. Outline your plan for 
this lesson. 

6 . Solve, as you would for your pupils, the following: 

(a) Eind the square root of 27^. 

(5) A man has $ 6250 6 % stock and sells it at 80. With 
the proceeds he buys a house on which he pays insurance at 
\oj 0 per annum on f of its value, and taxes at 20 mills on 
the dollar on $4500 assessment, and in addition a water 
rate of $11 per annum. If he rents the house, what monthly 
rent should he charge that his annual income may be the same 
as that derived from the stock ? 

(c) An agent sells 1000 barrels of flour at $5.50 a barrel, 
and charges 2\ % commission; expenses for freight, etc., are 
$500. With the net proceeds he buys sugar at cents a 
pound, charging 2\ % commission. How much sugar does he 
buy? 

(< d ) A ditch has to be made 360 feet long, 8 feet wide at 
the top, and 2 feet wide at the bottom; the angle of the slope 
at each side being 45°. Eind the number of cubic yards to be 
excavated. 

Eor State Certificate.—North Dakota 

1. Define Arithmetic, numeration, compound number, inter¬ 
est, per cent. 


EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 


155 


2. A farmer sold a horse for $80 and lost 20 % of its cost. 
He then bought a horse for $80 and afterward sold it at a 
gain of 20%. How much did he gain or lose on the two 
transactions ? 

3. Multiply the sum of f and £ by their product and 
reduce the result to a decimal. 

4. Explain the difference between a common and a decimal 
fraction. 

5. The product of three numbers is 420, and two of the 
numbers are 5 and 7. Find the third number. 

6. Find the value of (| + X ^ + £ X 3). 

7. How many acres in a strip of land 80 rods long and 14 
rods wide? 

8. C and D together own 921 acres of land, of which C 
owns 420 acres. C’s land equals what fractional part of D’s ? 
D’s land is what per cent of the whole ? 

9. What will be the cost of the wood that can be piled in 
a shed 20 feet long, 10 feet wide, and 8 feet high, at $4.75 per 
cord ? 

10 . The longitude of Constantinople is 28° 59' E. When it 
is noon in Greenwich, what is the time in Constantinople ? 

Teachers’ Certificate. — Arkansas 

1. A man bought a horse and paid } of the price in cash. 
One year later he paid £ of what remained, and the two pay¬ 
ments amounted to $ 1530. What was the price of the horse ? 

2. A having lost 25 % of his capital is worth as much as 
B, who has just gained 15% on his capital; B’s capital was 
originally $5000. What was A’s capital ? 

3. A square field contains 131 acres 65 square rods. 
What will it cost to fence it at 621 cents a rod ? 


156 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


4 . The width of a river is 100 yards and it averages 5 feet 
in depth. Find the number of cubic feet of water which flows 
past a given point in one minute if the average rate of the 
stream is miles per hour. 

5 . A man bought oranges at the rate of 3 for 2 cents, and 
an equal number at the rate of 4 for 3 cents. He sold them 
at the rate of 2 for 5 cents and gained $ 4.30. How many 
oranges did he buy ? 

6 . A man divided $ 500 among his three sons, so that the 
second had ^ as much as the first, and the third as much as 
the second. How much did each receive ? 

7 . A clock is set at 12 o’clock Monday noon, and on 
Tuesday morning at 9 o’clock it had lost 3 minutes. What will 
be the correct time when it strikes 3 o’clock the next Friday 
afternoon ? 

8 . Find the interest on $9430 for 2 years 5 months 7 days 
at 5%, using the method which you believe best adapted for 
class use in teaching interest. 

9 . The catalogue price of a book is $ 3. If I buy it at a 
discount of 40% and sell it at 20% below catalogue price, 
what is my gain per cent ? 

10 . A and B together have $153; f of A’s money equals f 
of B’s. How much has each? (Write full analysis.) 

Ontario Examination Questions. — University 
Matriculation 

1 . From 1870 to 1880, the population of a town increased 
30 % ; from 1880 to 1890 it decreased 30 %. The population 
in 1870 exceeded that in 1890 by 2781. Find the population 
in 1880. 

2 . (a) A man borrows $ 12,000 for a year at 8 % and loans 
it at 2 % per quarter year, compounding interest at the end 


EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 


157 


of each quarter. How much money will he have made at the 
end of the year ? 

(6) A borrows from B a sum of money and agrees to pay 
him by three annual payments of $200 each. If money is 
worth 5 <J 0 per annum, compound interest, find the sum bor¬ 
rowed. 

3. A commission merchant received 500 barrels of flour, 
which he sold at $ 5 a barrel, charging 2 <j 0 commission; he 
was instructed to invest the net proceeds, deducting a purchase 
commission of 2 %, in tea. Find the value of the tea bought, 
and the total commission. 

4. A man holds $ 15,600 stock worth 60; to transfer to 4 °J 0 
stock at 78 will increase his annual income $ 12; he effects 
the transfer, but not until each stock has increased 2 in price. 
Find the increase of his income. 

5. A merchant marks his goods at an advance of 25 % on 
cost. After selling i of the goods, he finds that some of the 
goods in hand are damaged so as to be worthless; he marks 
the salable goods at an advance of 10 % on the marked price 
and finds in the end that he has made 20 % on cost. What 
part of the goods was damaged ? 

6. A grocer, by selling 12 pounds of sugar for a certain 
sum, gained 20 %. If sugar advances 10 % in the wholesale 
market, what per cent will the grocer now gain by selling 10 
pounds for the same sum ? 

7. A note made June 1, at 3 months, was discounted imme¬ 
diately at 8 % per annum, and produced $ 357.40. What was 
the face of the note ? 

8 . What rate per cent per annum, compounded half-yearly, 
is equivalent to 6 % per annum, compounded yearly ? 

9. Two candles are of equal length. The one is consumed 
uniformly in 4 hours, and the other in 5 hours. If the candles 


158 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


are lighted at the same time, when will one be three times 
as long as the other ? 

10 . Calculate the number of acres in the surface of the 
earth, considering the earth a sphere of 8000 miles diameter. 

State Examination. — Ohio 

1. I have three pitchers holding respectively 1^, 2\, and 3 \ 
pints. How many times can I fill each from the smallest keg 
that will hold enough to fill each pitcher an exact number of 
times ? 

2. Bought 20 yards cloth, 11 yards wide, at $ 2 per yard. 
The cloth shrunk 20 % in length, and 25 % in width. At what 
price per yard must I now sell the cloth so as to gain 20 °J 0 ? 

3. Bought 6 % railroad stock at 109J, brokerage i %. What 
must the same stock bring 6 years later to pay me 8 % in¬ 
terest ? 

4. A and B form a partnership. A contributes $7000, 
and is to have § of the profits; B contributes $ 3000, and is 
to have ^ of the profits; each partner is to receive or pay 
interest at 6 % per annum for any excess or deficit in his share 
of capital. At the end of the first year the profits are $ 1800. 
Required worth of each share. 

5. How many shares of stock at 40 % must A buy, who has 

bought 120 shares at 74 150 shares at 68 %, and 130 shares 

at 54 %, so that he may sell the whole at 60 %, and gain 20 % ? 

6. A laborer agreed to build a fence on the following condi¬ 
tions : for the first rod he was to have 6 cents, with an increase 
of 4 cents on each successive rod; the last rod came to 226 
cents. How many rods did he build? 

7. A wins 9 games of chess of 15 when playing against B, 
and 16 out of 25 when playing against C. At that rate, how 
many games out of 118 should C win when playing against B ? 


EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 


159 


8. B agreed to work 40 days at S 2 per day, and board; but 
he agreed to pay $ 1 a day for board each day that he was idle. 
How many days was he idle, if he received $ 44 for his work 
during the 40 days ? 

Quarterly Examination. — Gunter Bible College 

1. Define insurance, arithmetical progression, geometrical 
progression, and arithmetical complement. 

2. What is the distance passed through by a ball before it 
comes to rest, if it falls from a height of 40 feet and rebounds 
half the distance at each fall ? 

3. A merchant adds 33^ % to the cost price of his goods, 
and gives his customers a discount of 10 %. What profit does 
he make? 

4. What is the difference between the simple and compound 
interest on $750 for 2 years 7 months, at 5 % ? 

5. If the duty on linen collars and cuffs is 40 cents per 
dozen and 20 %, what is the duty on 10 dozen collars at 75 
cents a dozen, and 10 pairs of cuffs at 25 cents a pair? 

6. The capital stock of a company is $1,000,000, \ of which 
is preferred, entitled to a 7 % dividend, and the rest common. 
If $47,500 is distributed in dividends, what rate of dividend 
is paid on the common stock? 

7. Find the bank discount and proceeds of a 90-day note 
for $ 1500 at 6 % interest, dated Aug. 10, and discounted 
Sept. 1, at 7 %. 

8 . On Jan. 1, 1908, I borrowed $2000 at 10% interest, 
paying $300 every 3 months. I paid the debt in full Jan. 
1, 1909. What did I pay by the United States rule? 

9. Solve No. 8, by the Merchant’s rule. Which method is 
better for the debtor ? Which for the creditor ? 


160 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


1 C. Given log 2 = 0.3010, log 3 = 0.4771, log 5 = 0.6990. 

(a) Find log 3 2 X 5 3 . 

( b ) Find the number of digits in 30 ^ 


Examination. Arithmetic A. — Gunter Bible College 


1 . Define arithmetic, bank discount, specific gravity, 
involution, commercial discount, and ratio. 

2 . What is the difference in area between a square whose 
diagonal is 1 foot and a circle whose diameter is 1 foot? 

3 . In a lot of eggs 7 of the largest, or 10 of the smallest, 
weigh a pound. When the largest are worth 15 cents a dozen, 
what are the smallest worth ? 


4. My wife’s age plus mine equals 76 years, and § of her 
age minus 2 years equals ^ of my age plus 2 years. Find the 
age of each. 




■* - 'A'f +' 


5. 


The diameter of one cannon ball is 2J times that of 


another, which weighs 27 pounds, 
worth at 1 cent a pound ? 


What is the larger ball 


6 . Bought apples at $3 a barrel. Half of them rotted. 
At what price must I sell the remainder in order to gain 33J % 
on the amount bought ? 


7. Extract the cube root of 926,859,375. 

8 . A uniform rod 2 feet long weighs 1 pound. What weight 
must be hung at one end in order that the rod may balance on 
a point 3 inches from that end ? 

9. In any year show that the same days of the month in 
March and November fall on the same day of the week. 

10 . In a liter jar are placed 1 kilogram of lead and 1 kilo¬ 
gram of copper. What volume of water is necessary to fill the 
jar, the specific gravity of lead and copper being respectively 
11.3 and 8.9? 


EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 


161 


11. Bought land at $60 an acre. How much must I ask an 
acre that I may deduct 25 % from my asking price, and yet 
make 20 % of the purchase price ? 


Advanced Arithmetic. — Gunter Bible College 

1. (a) Define arithmetical complement, bank discount, an 
equation, specific gravity, tariff. 

(i b ) Prove (do not merely illustrate) that to divide by a frac¬ 
tion one may multiply by the divisor inverted. 


2. A man wishing to sell a horse and a cow asked three 
times as much for the horse as for the cow; but finding no 
purchaser, reduced the price of the horse 20 %, and the price 
of the cow 10 %, and sold both for $ 165. How much did he 
get for the cow ? 

3. How many acres are in a square the diagonal of which 
is 20 rods more than a side ? 


4. (a) Extract the sixth root of 1,073,741,824. 


(b) Simplify 


5 5 + 5 x 5 -f~ 5 -r- 5 

5 — 5-i-5 + 5 x5-r5* 


5. I sold a book at a loss of 25 %. Had it cost me $1 
more, my loss would have been 40 %. Find its cost. 

6. (a) Change 200332 in the quinary scale to an equiva¬ 
lent number in the decimal scale. 


( b) Sum to infinity the series l+i+i+i+ •••• 

7. If 100 grams of rock salt are dissolved in 1 liter of water 
without increasing its volume, what will be the specific gravity 
of the solution ? 


8 . (a) If a ball of yarn 4 inches in diameter makes one 
pair of gloves, how many similar pairs will a ball 8 inches in 
diameter make ? 

( b ) What must be paid for 6 % bonds to realize an income 
of 8 % on the investment ? 



162 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


9. Find the difference between the annual interest and 
compound interest of $ 6000 for 3 years 6 months at 10 %. 

10. An article cost $ 6. At what price must it be marked so 
that the marked price may be reduced 22 % and still 30 % be 
gained ? 

11. At what two times between 3 and 4 o’clock are the hour 
and minute hands of a clock equally distant from 12 ? 

For State Certificate. — New Jersey 

Commercial Arithmetic 

1. Bought of Brown & Company the following bill of lum¬ 
ber: 8750 feet of boards at $31,331 per M. feet; 5750 
shingles at $5.25 per M.; 2860 laths at $2,871 per M.; 520 
joists* 20 feet long, 16 inches wide, and 31- inches thick, at $ 15 
per M. feet. Find the amount of the bill. 

2. Find the sale price of a Brussels carpet 27 inches wide 
at $ 1.60 per yard for a room 15 feet long and 131 feet wide 
if the strips run lengthwise. 

3. Which will cost the more and how much, to lay a brick 
sidewalk 260 feet long and 41 feet wide, estimating 8 bricks 
for each square foot of pavement at $ 12 per M., or to lay a 
flagstone walk at 22 cents per square foot? 

4. How much will it cost to build two abutments for a 
bridge each 18 feet long at top and bottom, 12 feet wide at 
bottom and eight (8) feet wide at top and 11 feet high at $ 4.50 
a'perch for labor and stone ? 

5. Three men engaged in business. A furnished $6000 
of capital; B $9600, and C $6400. They made a gain of 
$ 4800 and then sold out the business for $ 30,000. What was 
each one’s share of gain ? 

6. What must I pay for a draft on Chicago for $475, pay¬ 
able 30 days after date, i % premium, interest at 6 % ? 


ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 


ARITHMETICAL PROBLEMS 

1 . (a) Let -J = distance the minute hand is ahead of the 
hour hand; = distance the minute hand moves while the 
hour hand travels f; ^- = distance both travel = 120 spaces ; 
i = yV °I 120 spaces = 4^ spaces; -| = 2 times 4 T 8 g spaces = 
9^ spaces, the number of spaces the minute hand is in advance 
of the hour hand. 

( b ) Let -| = distance the hour hand has moved past 3 
^ = distance the minute hand moved during the same time; 
^ 4 - = 15 minutes -f 9^- minutes + f; -% 2 - = 24 T 8 g minutes; 1 = 

of 24y 3 3 minutes = -f|-f minutes; ^ 4 - = 24 times fi-f minutes 
= 26 t 6 ^3 minutes, past 3. 

(c) Since the hands changed places, the minute hand fell 
short 9^ minutes of going 2 hours. Therefore it was 26 T % 
minutes past 3 when I first looked, and 120 minutes — 9 T ^ 
minutes later = 17 T 2 ^- minutes past 5, when I looked the second 
time, Ans. 

2. The broken part of the tree, resting with the upper end 

on the ground and the other end attached to the stump, forms 
the hypotenuse of a right triangle, of which the base is 40 feet, 
and the altitude is the stump of the tree. The height of the 
tree may be found by the following rule, based on a demonstra¬ 
tion in Geometry : From the square of the height subtract 
the square of the base, and divide the difference by twice the 
height. The height in this case is the height of the tree and 
not the height of the stump. Therefore (120 2 — 40 2 ) (120 x 2) 

163 


164 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


= 53-^, height of the stump. Then 120 feet — 53J feet = 66J 
feet, Ans. 

3. The total number of dollars = 80 times the number of 
acres; or 20 times the number of acres = the number of dollars 
on one side of the boundary. One dollar is 1^ inches in dia¬ 
meter ; hence f of 20 times, or 30 times, the number of acres 
= the number of inches on one side; -§ times the number of 
acres = the number of feet on one side. Therefore (-f times 
the number of acres) 2 43,560, or 5 times the square of the 
number of acres -f- 34,848, = the number of acres; 5 times the 
square of the number of acres = 34,848 times the number of 
acres; • or, 34,848 -h 5 = 6969.6, the number of acres in the 
field, Ans. 

4. Let ABCD represent the rectangular field. Now sup¬ 
pose four siich fields arranged in the form of a square by plac- 

H A ' B ing the short side of one against the 

long side of another, inclosing the 
square DEFG, as shown in figure. 
q' Draw the diagonals AC, CK, K1 , 
and IA. It may be readily shown 
that ACKI is a square; and since a 
diagonal.is 100 rods, the area of the 
square ACKI = 10,000 square rods. 
One of the triangles, as ACB, has 
J K Ji an area of 15 acres, or 2400 square 

rods. Hence the combined area of the 4 outer triangles 
= 4 x 2400= 9600 square rods. Adding this result to the area 
of the square ACKI, we have 19,600 square rods = the area of 
the square HBL,T. Hence, BL = Vl9,600 = 140 rods. 

Now from the area of the square ACKI, subtract the area of 
the four inner triangles, and we have the area of the square 
DGFE — 400 square rods. Hence GF = V 400 = 20 rods. 
Therefore, BC = (140 — 20) h- 2 = 60 rods, and AB = 60 + 20 
= 80 rods, Ans. 










ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 


165 


5. Let A and C be the points the candles burn to, when No. 
2 is 4 times No. 1. If CD be used as a unit of measure, AB 
will be equal to 4 such units. 

Now, if the candles be allowed 
to burn until CD is consumed, | of 
a unit of AB will burn, leaving 31 
units. Since the candles have been 
burning 4 hours, the 3^ units re¬ 
maining ill No. 2 will be consumed 
in one hour if they continue to burn. 

Then 5 x 3J units = 16 units, the 
number of units in each candle. 

Then since 16 units of No. 1 burn 
in 4 hours, 15 units of No. 1, or the part consumed, is burned 
in -j-| of 4 hours = 3f hours, Ans. 

6. The distance the lizard moves is the hypotenuse of a 
right triangle whose legs are 200 feet and 10 feet. 

Ans. = 200.25 feet. 


o 

'n_ 

Candle No. 1. 


Candle No. 2. 


No. 1 burns in 4 hours. 
No. 2 burns in 5 hours. 


7. 

$1 

r$3.50 

1.50 

2 

a 

2 

2 

2 

16 

2 

16 calves. 
2 sheep. 


l .50 

2 

2 

10 

2 

80 

2 

82 lambs. 


100 number of head 

Another answer is 10, 20, and 70. 

8. The daughter’s share = daughter’s share. 

The wife’s share = 2 daughter’s share. 

The son’s share_= 4 daughter’s share._ 

D.’s + W.’s + S.’s = 7 times daughter’s share. 

7 times daughter’s share = the estate. 

daughter’s share = \ of the estate, 
wife’s share = f of the estate, 
and son’s share = f of the estate. 


9. 64. 


















166 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


10. The distance AB is the hypotenuse of the right triangle 
ABC = V(32) 2 + (24) 2 = 40 feet. 


End J 

Ceiling 

X 


i 

i 

i 

i 

i 

i 

i 

i 

i 

i 

' /yL. 

\ 

Side-wall 

\ 

X 



Floor 

JLJ 

End 


11. oo %. 


A 


12. First, let us find the volume of the largest ball that 
E c could be placed in the given cone and also 

the amount of water required to cover it. 

Let AC in the diagram represent the 
diameter of the mouth of the glass, BE = 
4 inches, the altitude, and OD— the ra¬ 
dius of the largest marble which could be 
covered in the glass. 

Area of A ABC = area of 3 A of which 
OD is the altitude. Area of A ABC = 12. 
Hence one half the radius of the largest marble = 12 (5+5 + 


DX 

0 V 

"j D 


'b 


6) = I- 

The diameter of the largest ball which could be covered in 
the glass = 3. 

. \ V of cone ABC = 1 *t*h = ?|^ = 12 tt. 

Y of largest marble = - tt d 3 = —. 

6 2 


12 tt- A — amount of water it takes to cover the largest 















ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 


167 


marble. Now, the water which would cover the largest marble 
is to the water covering the required marble as the largest 
marble is to the required marble. 



a; = 2.433 inches, Ans. 

13. The discount is Tihr of the face of the note. The interest 
is 10 % of the proceeds. 

Hence, 10 % of the proceeds = 9 % of the face, 
of the proceeds = y 1 ^ of yfy = y^- of the face, 
of the proceeds = 100 X 0 9 0 0 = T 9 o°o°o °f face. 

■nnnf — iVA = tYA == A °f f ace ? which is the discount 
for the required time. 

.*. the time is ^ -h = 1^ years = 400 days. 

14. Since it was a perfect power, the right-hand period 

must have been 25, and the last figure of the root must have 
been 5. Hence the last trial divisor was 1225 5 = 245. Then 

by the rule for extracting the square root, we know 5 to have 
been annexed to 24, which must have been double the root 
already found. That portion of the root, then, must have been 
■J. of 24 = 12. The entire root was 125. Therefore the power 
was 125 2 = 15,625, Ans. 

15. The length of the lawn is f of its width, and if ^ of it 
be taken off by a line parallel to the end, a square will be left, 
the side of which is the width of the lawn. The area of the 
lawn = f the area of the square. If the dimensions of the lawn 
be increased 1 ft., its area will be equivalent to the area of f 
of the square+ f of a strip 1 foot wide-bf of a strip 1 foot 
wide a square with an area of 1 square foot = 651 square 
feet. Area of f of the square -f f of a strip 1 foot wide = 650 
square feet. Taking f of this quantity, we have the square 
+ of a strip 1 foot wide = § of 650 square feet = 62,400 
square inches. But of a strip 1 foot wide = a strip of the 





168 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


same length ^ of a foot wide = two strips the same length 6 of 
a foot wide, or 10 inches wide. 

Now, if we place these two strips on adjacent sides of the 
square and also a square containing 100 square inches at the 
corner, we will have a new square the area of which = 62,400 
square inches +100 square inches = 62,500 square inches. A 
side of this square = 250 inches. Therefore the width of the 
lawn = 250 inches -10 inches = 240 inches, or 20 feet, and 
the length = 30 ft., Ans. 

16. Let 100 % = cost. 

180 % = marked price. 

140 % = selling price. * 

... ||o _ 12 _ length in yards. 

17. The area of a triangle whose sides are 13, 14, and 15 
feet may be found by the rule : “ Add the three sides together 
and take half the sum; from the half sum subtract each side 
separately; multiply the half sum and the remainders together 
and extract the square root of the product.” 

13 feet +14 feet +15 feet = 42 feet = sum of sides. 

\ of 42 feet = half sum of sides. 

21 feet - 13 feet = 8 feet. 

21 feet -14 feet = 7 feet. 

21 feet —15 feet = 6 feet. 

7056 = product of the half sum and the three remainder^. 

V7056 = 84 square feet, area of triangle with sides 13, 14, 
and 15 feet. 

Area of given triangle is 24,276 square feet. 

The problem now becomes merely a comparison of areas, 
the larger triangle having sides in the same proportion as the 
smaller. Similar surfaces are to each other as the squares of 
their like dimensions, therefore, 84 : 24,276 : : 13 2 : the square 
of the corresponding side. Or, V24,276 X 169 -s- 84 = 221, 
length of the corresponding side. 




ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 


169 


Similarly with 14 and 15 we fiud the other corresponding 
sides = 238 and 255. Ans. 221, 238, and 255. 

18. Since my mistake was 55 minutes, the hands must have 
been 5 minute spaces apart. At 2 o’clock they were 10 spaces 
apart, hence the minute hand had gained 5 spaces. It gained 
55 spaces in 1 hour, hence to gain 5 spaces requires ^ of an 
hour, or 5 j 5 t minutes. Therefore, it was 5 T 5 T minutes past 
2 o’clock, Ans. 

19. The area of the whole slate = 108 square inches. The 
area of the frame = \ of 108 square inches = 27 square inches. 
Now, suppose 4 slates so placed as to form a square 9 + 12, or 
21 inches, on a side. The whole area of this square = 441 
square inches. 441 square inches — 4 x 27 square inches = 
108 square inches, the area of the frames of the four slates = 
338 square inches, the area of a square formed by the four 
slates without frames. 

V338 square inches = 18.242 inches, a side of the square. 
Then since 21 inches includes 4 widths of the frame, 21 inches 
— 18.242 inches = 4 times the width of the frame. 

Therefore the frame is .6895 inch wide. 

20. 6 acres + 72* growths keep 16 oxen 12 weeks, or 1 ox 
for 192 weeks. 

3 acres + 36 growths keep 16 oxen 6 weeks, or 1 ox for 96 
weeks. 

Adding the above, we have, 

9 acres + 108 growths keep 16 oxen 18 weeks, or 1 ox for 
288 weeks. 

9 acres + 81 growths keeps 26 oxen 9 weeks, or 1 ox 234 
weeks. 

Subtracting, 27 growths keep 1 ox 288 weeks — 234 weeks, ox- 
54 weeks. 

.*. 1 growth keeps 1 ox 2 weeks. 

150 growths keep 1 ox 300 weeks. 

* A growth is the weekly growth on one acre. 


170 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


Also, 72 growths keep 1 ox 144 weeks. 

Then, 6 acres keep 1 ox 192 weeks —144 weeks, or 48 weeks. 

6 acres keep 1 ox 48 weeks, 1 acre keeps 1 ox 8 weeks. 

15 acres keep 1 ox 120 weeks. 

.-. 15 acres +150 growths keep 1 ox 120 weeks + 300 weeks, 
or 420 weeks. 

Hence the number of oxen required is 420 10 = 42, Arts. 

21. 400. 

22. Precedence is given to the signs X and -j- over the signs 
+ and — ; hence the operations of multiplication and division 
should always be performed before addition and subtraction. 
Ans. = 8. 

23. oo. 24. 0. 25. 2.236 minutes. 

26. 20 feet. 27. 28.44 + 

28. The distance from the extreme point of the given ball 
to the corner is to the distance of the nearest point of the 
given ball from the corner, as the diameter of the given ball is 
to the diameter of the required ball. 

12 feet = an edge of the cube. Then V3 x 144 = 20.7846, 
the distance from a lower to the opposite upper corner of the 
room. 20.7846 — 12 = twice the distance from the given ball 
to the corner. 4.3923 = the distance of the nearest point of the 
given ball from the corner. Then, the distance from the extreme 
point of the ball to the corner = 20.7846 — 4.3923 = 16.3923. 

.*. 16.3923 feet: 4.3923 feet:: 12 feet: (3.215 feet), Ans. 

29. Let f = number of minutes past 3 o’clock. 

40 — | = distance the minute hand is from 8. 

A = number of minute spaces the hour hand is from 3. 

15 + A = distance the hour hand is from 12. But since 
the minute hand is the same distance from 8 that the hour 
hand is from 12, then 

40 - M = 15 + A- 

f, or f| = 23jL minute past 3 o’clock, Ans. 



ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 


171 


30. Since an edge of the given cube differs from an edge of 
the original cube by 2 inches, the difference in the solidity of 
the cubes will be the solidity of 7 blocks 2 inches thick — a 
corner cube, 3 narrow blocks, and 3 square blocks. The con¬ 
tents of these 7 solids = 39,368 cubic inches. By taking away 
the 8 cubic inches, the number of cubic inches in the corner 
cube, there remains 39,360 cubic inches, the solidity of the 
3 narrow blocks and 3 square blocks. Then 1 square block 
and 1 narrow block contain 13,120 cubic inches. 

Now, since these blocks are 2 inches in thickness, the sum 
of the areas of 1 face in each of the 2 = 6560 square inches. 
That is, the area of a square and a rectangle 2 inches in width 
= 6560 square inches. This rectangle is equivalent to 2 rect¬ 
angles of equal length and 1 inch wide. Now, if we place 
these rectangles on adjacent sides of the square and also add 
a square 1 square inch in area to complete the square, we will 
have a square = 6561 square inches. A side of this square 
= V6561 = 81 inches = an edge of the original cube after the 
reduction, increased by 1 inch. 

.-. an edge of the original cube = 82 inches, Ans. 

31. The required number is the remainder left after sub¬ 
tracting the largest cube. In extracting the cube root of 
592,788 we find 84 to be a side of the largest cube, and 84 to 
be the remainder. .-. 84 is the required number, Ans. 

32. 80; 40. 

33. In 1 hour A can row upstream \ of the distance. In 
1 hour A can row downstream £ of the distance, £ — £ = £, or 
twice the distance the stream flows in 1 hour. Hence, the 
stream flows ^ of the distance in 1 hour. ^ of the distance 
= 1 mile. .-. the distance = 12 miles, Ans. 

34. B’s share = £(90 + 20) = 22; 22 - 20 = 2, the loss. 

35. The required number is the remainder left after sub¬ 
tracting the largest square. In extracting the square root of 



172 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


13,340 we find 115 to be the whole number of the root and 
115 the remainder. .*. 115 is the required number, Ans. 

36. y /number = 10 ^number. Raising to the 12th power, 
(number ) 4 = 10 12 (number) 3 . Dividing by (number) 3 , we have 
the number = 10 12 = 1 , 000 , 000 , 000 , 000 . 

37 . ^ 38. 0. 39. 66 f%. 

40. This problem may be solved by Geometrical Progres¬ 
sion. I = ar n ~\ l = ||f, the last term, a = 1 , the first term. 
n = 4, the number of terms. 

... |ff = r 3 , and t = f. 

.*.l-| = i, or 12 *%. 

41. $200; $12. 42. 30. 43. 20%. 44. $750. 

45 . $37,037. 46. 10: 51f o’clock. 47. 3^ cords. 

48. Let 100 % = cost of goods. 

180 % = marked price of goods, 
iof 180% =30%, loss. 

180 % — 30 % = 150 % = selling price. 

150 % — 100 % = 50 %, gain, Ans. 

49 . : Vl :: 6 : (5.738), the diameter of the inside sphere. 
6 inches — 5.738 inches = .262 inch, twice the thickness of 
the shell. .*. .131 inch = the thickness of the shell. 

50. The number of bushels of apples = | of 20 bushels 
= 16 bushels. 

51. Let 100 % = present worth of sales. 

103 % of present worth of sales = 95 % of sales. 

1 % of present worth of sales = % of sales. 

100 % of present worth of sales = 92 T 2 7 4 3 % of sales. 

.*. 92 t 2 7 4 3 % of sales = 119f % of cost of goods. 

1 % of sales = 1.29ff| % of cost of goods. 

100 % of sales = 129% of cost of goods. 

29||| % = the per cent advance of the cost. 




ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 


173 


52. 84,245,000 - 48,245,000 = 36,000,000. 

36,000,000 -j- 36,000 = 1000, the divisor, Ans. 

53 . 1.754 inches; 2.246 inches; 4 inches. 


56. 300 miles. 

57. 60 days; 40 days. 


54. 3f years. 

55. $300. 


58. 1600 -r- 80 = 20, the difference of the two numbers. The 
sum + the difference = twice the greater number. Hence, 
<50 -f 20 = 100 = twice the greater number. 

50 =the greater number, and 30 = the smaller number. 


61. 3. 


60. 15. 


59. 50%. 


2 10 
1 5 



62. 


10 gallons of w r ater, Ans. 


63. Solve by means of Progression: 

Let P = principle; r= rate of interest; n= number of years; 
A = amount of each payment. Then 


A.= r ,p ( 1 + r ) w 
(l + r)*-l 


Since one amount is paid at the beginning of the year, the 
principal less that amount will be the money to reckon as the 
new principal for the term of 4 years. 

$1000 — A = (P — A). 

A r(P — A )+ r) n _ t \(P-A)( 1 + A)__ 4 

(l+ r )»_l (1 +tV) 4 -1 

__i 7r ($1000 - H)(1.4641) 

“ .4641 

Clearing of fractions, 


$ .4641 A = T V($ 1464.1 - 1.4641 A). 
6.1051 A=$ 146.41. 


.-. A— $239.81, Ans. 


64. 3f|%. 












174 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


66 . The true discount on $lis $1 — ($1-^1.015) = $.014 T 7 ^ r °5. 
The bank discount on $ 1 is $ .015. 

Then $ .015 - $ .014/^ = .OOO^ 2 ^, the difference. 

$ .90 .000 T 2 ^A- = $ 4060, the face of the note, Ans. 


67. $50. 

68 . 8 days. 

69. 66f%. 

70. 6 feet. 

71. 168.298+ bushels. 

72. 8 pounds. 

79. 37 inches. 


73. 11^ ounces. 

74. 31 years. 

75. $160. 

76. 25 dozen ; 92 cents. 

77 . 62.832 minutes. 

78. 5 j 5 t hours. 


80. $76.52, first; $96.52, second. 

81. 30 steps. 82 104 feet. 

83. 27^ minutes after 5 o’clock. 

84. 10-j-J minutes past 2 o’clock. 

85. A pound of feathers. 

86 . 600; 1200; 1800 ; 2400 yards. 

87. 360 acres. 88. $20. 89. 1,000,000. 90. $2. 

91. Let 100% =the marked price. 

He receives 100 % — 10 % = 90 %. 

Since he uses a yard measure .72 of an inch too short, he 
gives only 35^ inches for 1 yard. He sells 35 ^L inches for 
90 % of the marked price. Therefore he would sell 36 inches 
for 91 % of the marked price. 

.-. 100 % — 91f^% = %, the required discount. 

92. 69.36286+ pounds. 95. $8.75. 

93. 32 feet+. 96. Book, $1.10; pen, $.10. 

94. 8 %. 97. 17%. 



ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 


175 


98. Each new day begins at the 180th meridian, which was 
crossed in the Pacific Ocean before reaching Manila. 

99. 7 sheep. 101. 40. 103. Friday. 

100. f. 102. 72. 104. 0. 

105. 3 p.m. 107. 6:40 p.m. 

106. A, $500; B, $700. 108. B paid $92; 15% gain. 

109. The greater + the less = 582. 

The greater — the less = 218. 

.*. 2 times the less = 364, 
and the less = 182. 

The greater = 400. 


110. 2760.4288+ cubic inches; 1152 square inches. 

111. A’s, $90; B’s, $135; C’s, $180. 

112 . $ 20 . 

113. August 11 was 21 days before the note was due. 
The use of any sum of money for 21 days, or T 7 ^ of a month, 
at 6 % is equal to of it. Then, since he promised to pay 
such a sum that the use of it for 21 days was to equal the use 
of the sum unpaid for 2 months, of the sum unpaid = 

of the sum paid. Hence the sum unpaid = of the sum 
paid. .-. foo| of the sum paid + of the sum paid = $ 100. 
.’. the sum paid= $74.07. 

114. $212.12. 118. 64 pounds. 

115. $246.60. 119- 7 cents to A; 1 cent to B 

116. $50 gain. 120. 10. 


117. 43.817 pounds. 


121. 45 feet. 


122. 30 of first quality; 60 of second quality. 

123. 32 miles. 125. 810 revolutions. 

124. $2; $1. 126. 16 dozen. 


176 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


127. A, 2.87 rods; B, 4.72 rods ; C, 13.82 rods. 


134. 2. 

135. 20. 

136. 60. 

137. 23 T \% 

138. 20%. 

139. First, $250; second, $200. 


128. 1,000,000. 

129. Horse, $110; cow, $10. 

130. 216 pounds. 

131. $850. 

132. $4. 

133. They are the same. 

140. Husband’s age, 24 years; wife’s age, 20 years. 

141. 20 gallons of wine; 30 gallons of water. 

142. 1300. 143. 4. 144. $.80. 145. $.75. 146. 8. 

147. 21^ minutes past 4 o’clock. 

148. 10|f minutes past 2 o’clock. 

149. 27 t 3 t minutes past 2 o’clock ; 3 o’clock. 

150. 43 minutes past 2 o’clock. 

151. .50. 152. 245.574. 

153. Wife, $8500; son, $12,750; daughter, $2125. 

154. 1 mile. 158. 9ff %, or 9.69+. 

155. 180. 159. $42,949,672.95. 

156. 43,200. 160. $4. 

157. 1,860,867. 161. Midnight. 

162. 1 hour and 20 minutes is lost in going 50 miles. 

.-. 80 minutes is lost in going 50 miles. 

1 minute is lost in going J- mile. 

.*. 120 minutes is lost in going 75 miles. 

2 hours is lost in going 75 miles. 

But 2 hours is the entire time lost. 

the distance traveled after the breakdown is 75 miles. 


ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 


177 


Again, the train at its original speed goes as far in 3 
hours as it went in 5 hours at its speed after the breakdown, 

.*. in 3 hours at the original speed it goes 75 miles. 

.*. in 1 hour at the original speed it goes 25 miles. 

.*. the length of the line is 75 miles +25 miles = 100 miles. 


163. 11^ cents. 166. 1|. 

168. 

300 feet. 

165. 2. 167. 4f. 

170. 2 miles 340 feet. 

169. 

2:1. 

171. 132 and 140. 172. 20%. 

173. 

By their sum. 

174. James’s speed = of my speed. 

John’s speed = °f James’s speed. 

.-. James’s speed = of of my speed). 



.-. James’s speed = i±-i, or fff of my speed. 

James’s speed and my speed are in the ratio of 456 to 500. 

.*. in running 500 yards I beat James 500 yards — 456 yards 
= 44 yards, Ans. 

175. First, .759 inch; second, 1.08 + inches; third, 4.16 + 
inches. 

176. First Method. 1. Any remainder which exactly di¬ 
vides the previous divisor is a common divisor of the two 
given quantities. 

2. The greatest common divisor will divide each remainder, 
and cannot be greater than any remainder. 

3. Therefore, any remainder which exactly divides the pre¬ 
vious divisor is the greatest common divisor. 

Second Method. 1. Each remainder is a number of times the 
greatest common divisor. For a number of times the greatest 
common divisor, subtracted from another number of times the 
greatest common divisor, leaves a number of times the greatest 
common divisor. 

2. A remainder cannot exactly divide the previous divisor 
unless such remainder is once the greatest common divisor. 


178 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


3. Hence, the remainder which exactly divides the previous 
divisor, is once the greatest common divisor. 


177. 112 cubic feet. 


178. In 5 seconds both trains travel 600 feet. 

.-.in 1 hour both trains travel 81^- miles. 

In 15 seconds the faster train gains 600 feet. 

.*. in 1 hour the faster train gains 27^- miles. 

Now, we have the sum of their rates = 81^-miles and the 
difference of their rates = 27^- miles. 

rate of faster + rate of slower = 81^- miles, and rate of 
faster — rate of slower = 27^- miles. 

.*. 2 times rate of faster = 109^ miles. 

.-. rate of faster = 54^- miles. 

Also, 2 times rate of slower = 54^ miles. 

.-. rate of slower == 27^- miles. 


179. 1.118 times. 185. 30423151 7 . 

180. 38 t e 6. 186. 3424 5 . 

181. Senary. 187. 13 9 . 

182. 1,110,100,010 years. 188. 12 4 . 

183. 22144 6 . 189. 128. 

184. 10212* 190. 180. 

191. 658,548,918. 

192. 28 gallons wine ; 42 gallons water. 

193. lOf 

194. Since the numbers are consecutive, each must lie near 

the cube root of 15,600; in other words, the numbers must lie 
between 20 and 30. Now, 15,600 is divisible by 25, since it 
ends in two ciphers, hence 25 may be one of the numbers. 
By trial, we find that 624 would be the product of the other 
two, which themselves must end in 4 and 6 to give a product 
ending in 4. Ans. 24; 25; 26. 


ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 


179 


195. Such a number must lie halfway between 1042 and 
1236. 

.-. 1236 —1042 = 194, which divided by 2, gives 97. 

.-. 1042 + 97 = 1139, Ans. 

196. 76,809,256,566. 

197. 49. The remainder left over after subtracting the 
largest cube is the number. 

199. At 4 miles per hour = 1 mile in 15 minutes, and 5 miles 
per hour = 1 mile in 12 minutes. 

in going 1 mile there is a difference of 3 minutes, but the 
actual difference is 10 minutes + 5 minutes = 15 minutes. 

15 minutes -s- 3 minutes = 5. Ans. 5 miles. 


199. \ of small glass = i of total, and since the large glass 
is J of both, i of the large glass = f of total, and i + f = T 7 ¥ 
= wine. 

i-i = water. — From “Arithmetical Wrinkles.” 

200. When the ball just floats, its specific gravity is 1. 
Then by Allegation, we have 



If 324 
9 35 


|, or the lead ball is A% of the globe. 


of § «■ (12) 3 = and ^ » + 4 *)= 5 - 52 inches > 

radius of ball, and 12 — 5.52, or 6.48, inches is the thickness of 
the shell. — From “ The School Visitor.” 


201. 14° F. = - 10° C. and 270° F. = 132f° 0. The specific 
heat of ice is .505, that of steam is .48, latent heat of fusion 
is 80, and that of evaporation is 537; then, 

100(10 x .505 + 80 + 100) = 18,505 heat units, 

required to melt the ice and raise its temperature to 100° C. 

There are 80 x 32f X .48 = 1237^ heat units given off in 
reducing the steam at 132|° 0. to steam at 100° C. 

There are (18,505 - 12371 )-h 537 = 32.16 pounds of steam 





180 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


at 100° C. to be condensed to water at 100° C. The result 
would be 132.16 pounds of water at 100° C., and 80 — 32.16 
= 47.84 pounds of steam at 100° C. 

— From “ The School Visitor.” 

202. If the average for the entire distance were 30 miles an 
hour, 50 X 30 or 1500 miles would be run, but this lacks 300 
miles which must be made up running 55 miles per hour, or 25 
miles an hour faster, taking 300 -r- 25, or 12 hours. Hence, the 
distance from B to C is 12 x 55, or 660 miles, and (50 — 12) 
times 30, gives 1140 miles from A to B. 

— From “ The School Visitor.” 

203. Volume of sphere = 2 times volume of double cone. 
Surface of sphere = V2 times surface of double cone. 

204. 20 rods. 

205. For bodies above the earth’s surface, the weight varies 
inversely as the square of the distances from the center. Hence, 
to weigh as much as at the surface, the body must be 
Vl6 = 4 times as far from the center, or 16,000 miles, and the 
required height above the surface is 16,000 — 4000 = 12,000 
miles. 

206. 1 mile. 207. 7.2 inches. 208. 34. 

209. The difference between the bank and the true discount 
is always the interest on the true discount. Hence $9 is 12% 
of the true discount, which is $75. The bank discount is $9 
more, or $84, which is 12 % of the face of the note, and then 
$84 divided by .12 gives $700, the face. 

210. By the prismoidal formula, the volume V is i of 
(upper base +lower base+ 4 times middle section) x length. 
Therefore V= \ (4x4 + 2x3 + 4x3x 3J-) x 120 h- 144 = 8f 
feet, Ans. 

211. Place the box on its end and put in 11 rows of 5 and 4 
balls, alternately, making a total of 50 balls in the first layer. 


ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 


181 


Place the second layer in the hollows of the first, and it has 6 
rows of 4 each and 5 rows of 5 each, making 49 balls in the 
second layer. In this manner 12 layers may be placed, making 
a total of (50 + 49) x 6 = 594 balls. 

— From “ The Ohio Teacher.” 

212. If the field were 48 feet wide, it would take one post 
less at each end and two less at each side, or 6 less; but to 
make 66 less, the field must be 11 x 48 = 528 feet, or 32 rods 
wide, and 64 rods long; area, 12.8 acres. 

213. 18.4325, specific gravity. 

214. 7^- feet, the distance the ball bounds. 30 feet equals 
the whole distance the ball moves. 

215. Let r = rate per month, 12 r = rate per annum, p = sum 
borrowed, n = number of payments, q = cash payment. Then, 
from algebra, we get 

9 = (f+^=T ? = 9 i>-P = $ 500 > n = 72 - 

... (g-pr)(l - r) n = q, and (19 - 1000 r)( 1 + r ) 72 = 19. 

.-. r = .00911, and 12 r = .10932 = 10.932 %. 

216. 1178.1 square feet. 218. 6.864+ inches. 

217. 5}{J-$- ounces. 219. 72 and 96. 

220. Since the numbers have a common factor plus the same 
remainder, if the numbers are subtracted from one another, the 
results will contain the common factor without the remainder, 
thus: 

364 414 539 

364 414 

50 125 

The largest number that will divide all of these numbers 
is 25, Ans. 

221. I. Let S = selling price and C = cost. 




182 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


S — C 

Then, S — (7= gain and -= rate of gain. 

o 

Also, S — ywu C = supposed gain, and 

° = S ~ ° = supposed rate of gain. 


ws-c 


S-C = l 
C 10’ 


or 10 %. 


ovS = UG. 

N — (7= -|~§ C, or 15 %, Ans. 
II. A Short Solution. 8 :10 = 92 :115. 


115 -100 = 15 % gain. 

222. Let = distance the hour hand moves past 3 o’clock. 

^ = distance the minute hand moves in the same time. 

Then - 2 ^ + f = — distance they both move. 

But the distance they both move = 45 minutes. 

= 45 minutes. 

i = tw °f 45 minutes = l^f- minutes. 

^ = 24 x 1^-J minutes = 41 T 7 ^ minutes. 

.*. It is 41 minutes past 3 o’clock. 

223. The weight of the first ball is 3f times an equal bulk of 
water, and that of the second is 21-2- times the equal bulk of 
water; hence, 3| times the volume of the first equals times 
the volume of the second ball. But the volumes vary as the 
cubes of the diameters; hence, the required diameter is, 

d = ^/(3|-j- 2£f) = 1J. feet, Ans . 

224. The amount of $500 for 2 years at 6% is $560; 
$ 2500 — $560, or $1940, is the amount of the note, the pres¬ 
ent worth of which, for 24 — 8, or 16 months, is $ 1796.30. 

225. The present worth of $201 for 30 days at 0% is $200; 

the present worth of $224.40 for 4 months at 6% is $220. 
Hence, the present rate of gain is (220 — 200) $200 = 10%, 

Ans. 







ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 


183 


226. If the 65 minutes be counted on the face of the same 
clock, then the problem would be impossible, for the hands 
must coincide every 65 r 5 T minutes as shown by its face, and it 
matters not if it runs fast or slow; but if it is measured by 
true time it gains of a minute in 65 minutes, or T 6 ¥ 0 ^ of a 
minute per hour, Arts. 

227. The loss of weight of an immersed body equals the 

weight of the fluid displaced. Hence 970 — 892 = 78 ounces, 
weight of water displaced, and 970 — 910 = 60 ounces weight of 
alcohol displaced. But as water is taken as the standard of 
comparison, the specific gravity of alcohol is 60 78 = = 

.769 + , Ans. 


228. The rate of the ship is per hour, while that of the 
sun is 15°. When they both move west, the sun gains 14|°; 
but when the ship moves east the sun gains 15^°. Therefore 
since the sun must make a gain of 360° in each case, the time 
from noon to noon is 360° -s- 14f = 24^- hours, west and 360° -r- 
151° = 23^1 hours east. 

229. ^ of 165 acres = 55 acres, the amount of land each man 
should furnish. 

100 acres — 55 acres = 45 acres, the number of acres A fur¬ 
nishes C. 

65 acres — 55 acres = 10 acres, the number of acres B fur¬ 
nishes C. 

Hence, of $ 110 = $ 90, the amount A should receive, and 

of $ 110 = $ 20, the amount B should receive. 


230. Let r be the internal radius of the cup ; and the volume 
of a quart of wine, 57f inches. Then 240 ni' 3 -r(3 x 57f) = 
value of wine in cents. 

Also 40 nr 2 = value of cup in cents. 


40 7T?~ = 


240 77-r 3 
3 x 57 f 


r = 28J in. .*. 40 ttt 2 = $ 1047.74, Ans. 



184 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


231. 11 times. 

232. Eleven integral solutions, as follows : 


Average price = 1 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

91 

82 

73 

64 

55 

46 

37 

28 

19 

10 

1 

8 

16 

24 

32 

40 

48 

56 

64 

72 

80 

88 


233. The volume is found by the prismoidal formula. 

i l (2 x 2 -f 1 X 12 + 4 x f X V) -*■ 144 = 4 2 3 T 1 feet > or if 1 be 
the length in feet, the board measure is || of the length in 
feet. 


234. 1|| board feet. 

235. Since .0^ = .05, must be .5. 

236. 96 acres. 

237. 40 rods; 30 rods ; 1\ acres. 

238. A liter of ice weighs 918 grams and a liter of sea water 
weighs 1030 grams. Then 918 divided by 1.03 equals 891.262 
cubic centimeters displaced by one liter of ice, and 1000 — 
891.262 is 108.738 cubic centimeters above water. Now 108.738 
divided by 1000 gives .108738 of the whole above water, and 
700 divided by .108738 equals 6437.5 cubic yards, the volume 



239. The distance SF is the hypotenuse of a right triangle = 
V(15) 2 + (39) 2 = 41.78+ ft. 

240. $ 563.23 due A. 

241. (a) The least time required is 59^-§ seconds past 12. 

(6) The least time required is 30 T \ 0 Y ° T seconds past 12. 

(c) The least time required is l^y minutes past 12. 























ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 


185 


242. $2500.00. 

243. $ 225 = first payment; $ 675 = second payment. 

244. First, $8400; second, $7800; third, $7280. 

245. 8 yards of first kind; 16 yards of second kind. 

246. 21^- minutes past 4 o’clock. 

247. A, 261^- days; B, 120 days. 

248. 10. 251. 2 inches. 

249. 7^ feet; 8f feet. 252. 2 cones. 

250. 13,066.4 miles. 


ALGEBRAIC PROBLEMS 


1. Let 

Then 


x = your age. 

y = difference between our ages. 


x + y = my age. 


x + y 
2 


+ 2 / = *, 


and (x + y) + (x + 2 y) = 100. 

Solving, x — 33 J and x -f- y — 44|. 

2. A, 72 hours ; B, 90 hours. 

3. Let the time be x minutes past 10 o’clock. We assume 
that at the beginning of every minute the second hand points 
at 12 on the dial. The distance of the second hand from the 
minute hand at the required time is 60 x — x = 59 x ; and that of 
the second hand from the hour hand is 


60 - 60 a;- (10 - JL x) = 50 - 60 x-^ x. 

.*. 59 a = 51 — 60 a; 4- T V ^ 

Solving, x = minutes = 25\ seconds. 

— From “ American Mathematical Monthly.” 



186 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


4. Let s = distance between cars going in the same 
direction. 

Let t = interval of time between cars going in the 

same direction. 

Let x = rate of car. 

Let y = rate of man. 

Then, x — y = rate of approach when both travel in the same 
direction. 

x + y = rate of approach when they travel in opposite 
directions. 

By conditions of problem, 

12 (x — y) = s = 4 (x + y). 


x — 2y. 


Also, 


= s = 4 (x + y) = 6 


Therefore the interval between cars is 6 minutes, and my 
rate is half the speed of the cars. 

— From “ School Science and Mathematics.” 

x— the number of eggs for a shilling. 


5. Let 
Then 


and 


- = the cost of one egg in shillings. 

x 

12 

— = the cost of one dozen in shillings. 

x 


12 


— 2 


But if x — 2 = the number of eggs for a shilling, then 
would be the cost of one dozen in shillings. 

- ^ = -L (1 penny being ^ of a shilling). 

Solving, x = 18 or —16. Then if 18 eggs cost a shilling, 1 
dozen will cost if of a shilling, or 8 pence, Ans. 

6. Let x = amount per yard received by one. 


Then 


« + | = amount per yard received by the other. 


100 + 
x 


100 


= 100. 








ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 


187 


Solving, x = 1.7808. 

One builds 56.15 yards at $1.7808; other builds 43.85 yards 
at $2.2808, Ans. 

7. 1760 yards, or 1 mile. 

8. Let x = number of acres. 

160 x = number of dollars for which the land sold. 

Then since 11 inches = diameter of a dollar, 

11(160 x) = 240 x = perimeter of square in inches. 

_ 4 .—, or 60 x = length of one side of the square in inches. 

4 

or 5 x = length of one side of the square in feet. 

(5 x) 2 — the number of square feet in the square. 

2 -- — = number of acres. 

43560 

• 25x2 -x 

* ’ 43560 

Solving, » = 1742.4, Ans. 

9. 2652.5+feet; 2627.4+feet. 

10. Let x = one side of the square in feet. 

Then —-— = the number of acres. 

43560 

16 x = the number of feet of boards in the fence, 
the number of boards in the fence. 

11 

a? __ 16 x 

‘*‘43560 11* 

Solving, x = 63,360. 

Then —-— = 92,160 acres, or 144 sections. 

43560 

11. 10 T 5 T hours. 








188 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


12. Let & = rate of faster train per hour in miles. 

y = rate of slower train per hour in miles. 

In 5 seconds both trains travel 600 feet. 

.*. in one hour they travel 81^ miles, or 

x + y = 81*. (1) 

In seconds the fast train gains 600 feet. 

.’. in one hour the fast train gains 27^- miles, or 

x — y— 27-j^-. (2) 

Solving, x = 54 t 6 t , and y = 27^-, Ans. 


13. Let x = number of minutes until 6 o’clock. 

Then 6 hours — x = time past noon. 

3 hours + 4 a? = time past noon 50 minutes ago. 
.-. 360 — x — 180 + 4 a; + 50. 

Solving, x = 26, Ans. 

14. Let x = cost of the gun in dollars. 


Then 


Solving, 

15. Let 
Then 
and 
Also 
and 

Solving, 

Then 


= per cent of loss. 



x = 90, or 10. 

$ 90, or $ 10 = the cost of the gun. 

x = number of eggs he brought. 
x + 1 = | of them, 

f (® + 1) = number of eggs in the nest. 
x — 2 = \ of them, 

2(x — 2) = number of eggs in the nest. 
2(x — 2) = |(» + 1). 

X = 11. 

2(«-2) = 18, Ans. 


16. Let 


x = cost of lot in dollars. 


ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 


189 


Then 


Solving, 

17. 6 inches. 


= per cent of gain. 
100 F 


a 2 

100 


= gam. 


x + = 144. 

^100 


x = 80, or — 180. 

18. a/3. 19. f ± jVS 


$ 80 = 
and I ± 


1V5. 


20. 21 minutes 49^3- seconds past 4 o’clock. 

21. Let x = number of men in a side of the first square. 

Then x 2 = number of men in the first square, 

and ar -f 39 = number of men. 

Also x + 1 = number of men in a side of the second square 
Then (a; -f l) 2 = number of men in the second square, 
and (a; +1) 2 — 50 = number of men. 

.-. (a> + l) 2 -50 = a 2 + 39. 

Solving, x = 44. 

Then cc 2 -f 39 = 1975, Ans. 


22. 12 cents. 


23. 4 feet. 


24. ^a/ 5 and £(V5 ± 5). 


25. 16. 

26. 6 feet. 

27. Let 

x — cost of first horse. 


80 — x = cost of second horse. 

Then 

and 80 — 

80 — x = gain on first horse. 

(80 — a) = gain on second horse. 


= rate of gain on first horse. 

X 


x = rate of gain on second horse. 
80-a; 

X 

tH 1 

II 

8 

1 

O 

00 

8 

1 

o 

00 

x 5 

Solving 

and 

x = 41.995, 

80-2 = 38.005. 





190 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


28. The lot is 100 feet x 100 feet = 10,000 square feet. The 
house and the driveway each covers 5000 square feet. 

Let x = the width of the driveway. On each side of the 
lot it extends from front to rear 100 feet; total, 200 x square 
feet. The house is 100 feet — 2 x feet; the driveway behind 
the house is 100 feet — 2 x feet long by x feet wide; the total 
number of square feet is 100 x — 2 a? 2 . The total number of 
square feet in the driveway (at sides of lot and rear of house) 
is 200 x + 100 x — 2 x 1 . 

- 2 a 2 + 300 x = 5000. 

Solving, ' x = 19.1. 

29. 672. 

30. 7.416 inches from either end. 

31. Their monthly wages may be any number of dollars. 
If they receive more than $ 50 a month they will each lay up 
the same sum. If they receive less than $50, they will be¬ 
come equally indebted. 

32. i. 

33. 2(1 + z 4 )=(l +x)\ 

2 -f- 2 x 4 = x 4 + 4 x 3 + 6 x? q- 4 x 1. 

Transposing, 

a? 4 — 4a? 3 —6a? 2 - 4 a; 1 = 0. 

Adding 12 x? to both sides, 

x A — 4^ + 60^ — 4: x + 1 = 12 x?. 

But x 4 — 4^ + 6^ — kx + l = (x— l) 4 . 

Then (x - l) 4 - 12 a 2 = 0, 

or (x 2 — 2 x + l) 2 — 12 x? = 0. 

Factoring, 

(a? 2 — 2 a? -f-1 -|- 2 x^/3)(x? — 2 x -f 1 — 2 x V3) = 0. 

.*. x? — 2 a? + 1 + 2 xV3 = 0, 
and x 1 — 2 x + 1 — 2 xVS = 0. 

Solving, x = 1 — V3 ± V3 — 2\/3, 

1 + V3 ± V3 + 2 V3. 


or 


ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 


191 


34. x A + 4 m s x — m 4 = 0 . 

Factoring, 

(ar 2 + mxyj 2 — ra 2 \/2 4 m 2 )(a^ — mxV2 4 m 2 V 2 4 m 2 ) = 0. 
a; 2 + mxV2 — m 2 V2 + m 2 = 0. 

m mV2V2 - 1 

a; =-- ± — 

V2 

35. ce 2 + y = li- ( 1 ) 

2 / 2 + * = 7 . ( 2 ) 

(3) ?/ — 2 = 9 — a? 2 , from (1). 


Solving, 


V2 


(4) 1/ 2 — 4 = 3 — x, from (2). 


(5) y- 2 = 
9 - a 2 = 


y + 2 y 4 2 

3 _ x 

2/4- 2 y 4- 2' 


, from (4) by dividing by y + 2. 


9- 

Then 


= 0 ^- 


y + 2 2 / 4-2 


, by transposing. 


9- 


2/4-2 

completing the square 
3 - 1 -— = X - 


+ (^ 1 )-* y + 2 (2 j/ + 4) ’ 

, extracting the square root. 


22/44 2y + 4 

Then canceling, x = 3, 

and substituting, 2/ = 2. 

Note. —From Horner’s method we find x= — 2.803, 3.581, —3.778. 
Hence y = 3.131, — 1.849, — 3.283. 

36. a = 2; 2 / = 1. 39. a; = 4; y = 9. 

37. a; = 4; y = 6. 40. a; = 4; y = 9. 

38. x = 2; ?/ = 3. 

4X. * = ±2, ±-^ = ±^-^* = ±3,*-^. 

5t/(® 6 + l)-3^(.y 2 + l) = 0. (1) 

15/(ar ! + l)-a:( 2 / i + l)=0. (2) 


42 . 
















192 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


(3) 15^^ii^ = 2l±l,from(2). 

(4 > 5 (^ i ) = 3 (^} fr ° m(1) - 

(5) 5 (a? + = 3 (y + from (4). 

(6) 15(W^ = y> + i, from (3). 

( 7 ) !c3+ i = l( J,+ J} from( ^- 

< 8 > 3 ('+i)-|( !, ’ + p}'' 0 "®' 

adding (5) and (6). 

Ih " 

‘hSH’f 

\/5^x + ^ = 2/ + -, extracting the cube root. 
But since y+ - = y? + i 

y V? 

Dividing by x -f- we have 
x 

^-l+i=^5. 

^ + 2 + = -\/5 + 3, by adding + 3. 






ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 


193 


+ - — V\/5 + 3, by extracting the square root. 


Also x — - = V^/5 _ 1 ? by subtracting 1. 
x 

••• * = i [V^g + 3 + V^6_l], 

But . y + \ = (* + ^5 = </5 ■ V</g + 3. 

y 2 — y(~'/5 • V^/5 + 3) +1 = o. 

y = • V</g + 3 ± V^/25(^5 + 3)-4], 

y = ^\_</5 ■ V^/g + 3 ± Vl + 3^25]. 

43. Let x = number of feet in one side of the field. 

Then, x*-(x- 66) 2 = (x- 66) 2 . 

Solving x = 225.3356+ feet. 

.-. he had 50776+ square feet, Ans. 

44. 2.93+ gallons. 

45. Let x be the least integral number that will satisfy the 
conditions; then we shall have 

x = 39 y + 25 = 25 2 +19 = 19 n + 11; 
whence, 2 =!/+A 2 /+ 2 V 

For integral values y must be 17, 42, 67, 92, 117, 142, 167, etc. 
Hence the value of y that will satisfy the last value of x in 
third line, is 167; then 

a = 39 y + 25 = 25 z + 19 = 19 n +11 = 5369. 

—From u American Mathematical Monthly.” 


46. Dr. A saves f; Dr. B and Dr. C fj. Hence, the 
chance for one who is dosed by all three is 

f X A x ir = At- 

47. Let x = Richard’s age and y Robin’s age. 

Then 2x-y + x = 99, 

and 2(2 y — x)—2 x —y. 

x = 45 and y = 36. 












194 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


48. If the assertion is true, A and B tell the truth and C is 
mistaken. The chance of this is 

f x y X 1 = TOT* 

If the assertion is not true, A and B are mistaken and C 
tells the truth. The chance of this is 

i v 1 v 4 — 4 

•3 X T X 5 — TU’S’* 

Now, the assertion is true or it is not true, and 12 chances 
are in favor of its being true to 4 in favor of its being not 
true. Hence, the probability of its truth is || or f, Ayis. 

— From “ The School Visitor.” 

49. Let x — weight of the plank, acting through its mid¬ 
point with lever arm 7, while the weight of 196 has the lever 
arm 1 ; the equation of moments is : 

7 x = 196. .*. x = 28. 

50. Let x — number at 5 cents, y = number at 1 cent, z = 
number at | cent. Then 

x + y + z == 100 = 5x+ y + \z. 

Eliminating z we get the indeterminate equation, 9a;-|-y=100. 
.-. y = 100 — 9#. 

This equation gives us eleven integral solutions, as follows: 
x= 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 , 7, 8 , 9,10,11. 

y = 91, 82, 73, 64, 55, 46, 37, 28, 19, 10, 1. 

2 = 8 , 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 72, 80, 88 . 

51. 9f. 54. a + 5. 

52. 6. 55. 1 + V2 + V3. 

53. 17 years, 2 months, 2 days. 56. 1 + V| •*- Vf. 

57. x~% + x ~^ = 6. 

Solving for aT*, x ~* = — |±V 6 + ^ = 2, or — 3. 
x x = 16, or 81. 

X — T6> 0r TT- 



195 


ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 


58. 64; (-33)1 

59 . a, —b. 

60 . X = |, f. 

y=hi- 

z = ± 2. 



62 . x = 6 , — 4 |. 

2/ = 12, — 9. 

63 . x=^(V 2 -l), 

1 

y= x, - •= • 

V 2 (V 2 - 1 ) 


64 . a: = |VlO±^V 5 ) 

y = fV2±|V5. 


65. £C = | [V-J/3 + 34- V</3_1], 

y = |[^3 • V-</3 + 3 ± Vs^9-1]. 

66. 600 yards. 


67. ^ (n — 1) (2 n — 1) yards, 
o 

68. 6 minutes. 

69. Silenus in 3 hours; Dionysius in 6 hours. 

70. Let x = time required to overtake B. He travels 20+2 x 

miles. Hence 2Q + 2 - = his rate. Let y = time to go from 
x 

B to A. He travels 2V(100 + y 2 ) miles. = his 

rate. After reaching B a second time he has left 10 — x — 2 y 
hours to go 2 x + 4 y miles. 

. 2a? + 4 ^ = his rate. But his rate is uniform. Hence 

10 — x — 2y 

we get 

20 + 23^ 27(100 + ^ or 5 ^ = 5 y 2 + X y\ (1) 

x y 



















196 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


20 + 2x = 2x + i^ ix2 + 2 50 _ 10y (2) 

x 10 — x — 2 y 

Squaring (2) and substituting value of y 1 in (1), leads to the 
equation, 

a* _ 15 a 4 _ 300 a 3 - 1000 x 2 + 2500 a; + 12,500 = 0, whence 
by Horner’s method, x= 3.1432. 

Substituting, y = 2.463. 

20 _ + _ 2 a = 83029 J the required rate. 


First Solution: 

71. Let x = the part of a man’s work the boy does. 
k — the number of bushels of apples the man shakes off in 
a day. 

kx = the number of bushels of apples the boy shakes off in 
a day. 

— = the number of bushels of apples each man picks up in 


a day. 

kx 2 


— = the number of bushels of apples the boy picks up in a 
3 


day. 

2 kx kx 2 __ 4 k 

*** 3 + 3 ” 5 ‘ 

.*. x = 0.843909, about or 

Boy’s share of pay = $10,976; each man’s share = $13.01.' 
Second Solution: 


Suppose a man does x times as much work as a boy. 
By the first condition, 

Shaking the apples: picking them up = 1: 3 x. 

By the second condition, 


Shaking the apples: picking them up = : 2 x -f 1. 

5 

1: 3 x = — : 2 * + 1, or 12 x 2 - 10 x - 5 = 0. 

5 





ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 


197 


x = 1.185. 

The money is divided into parts proportional to 1, 1.185, 
1.185, and 1.185. 

The boy receives $10.98 and each man receives $13.01. 

— From “ School Science and Mathematics.” 


GEOMETRICAL PROBLEMS 

1 . Construct the A ABC, whose base AB = sum of parallel 
sides, Z (7 = angle between diagonals and where AC-\-CB = 
sum of diagonals. 

Take the point E on AB, such that CE=CB, from E draw 
EF parallel and equal to AC meeting CB in 0; join B and F. 
CFBE is the required trapezoid. 

Proof: AE=CF, hence EB+ CF= given sum of parallel 
sides. Since EF = AC, EF+ CB = given sum of parallel 
sides. And, finally, Z EOB = Z ACB. 

2 . 

Let r = the radius of the three equal 
circles. 

Then 2 r = the diameter. 

(1) The area of a semicircle whos^ 


(2) The area of the A is +200. 

(3) But the area of the equilateral A is r 2 V3. 

... 3 = ^ 4 - 200 . 

Solving, r = 498.06 feet. Then 2 r = 996.12 feet. 

3. 6| feet. 4. 60 feet. 

5 . Let R = the radius of the sphere, and 2 h the altitude of 
the cylinder. Then R-h = the altitude of the segment of the 




198 


MATHEMATICAL WKINKLES 


sphere, and V (R 2 — li 7 ) is the radius of the base of the seg¬ 
ment and the radius of the cylinder. 

The volume of the 2 segments 

= 2 [i t r(R - h) s +1 7 t (R- h)(R 2 - h 2 )l 
and the volume of cylinder = 2 7 rh(R 2 — h 2 ). 

f 7r(R 3 — h 3 ) = the volume of the segments, and the cylin¬ 
der = |(| vR 3 ), by the conditions of the problem. 

••• 3 ¥= R\ .-. | tt(R 3 -h*) = f 7 rh s = 600, by the conditions 
of the problem. 

.*. 2h = 2V (225/7r). 

6 . 101 2 + square feet. 11 . An isoceles right triangle. 

7. 99.379 feet; 11.119 feet. 12 . 6.18 rods. 

8. 108.046 feet. 13 . 3904. 

9. 15.708 feet. 14. 3 feet. 

10. 25.857 feet. 

15. Upon the given base AB construct a circle whose segment 
ACB shall contain the given vertical angle. Through E, the 
mid-point of AB, draw EF perpendicular to AB, meeting the 
circumference at F. Join FB, and perpendicular to FB draw 
BG equal to 1 the given bisector of the vertical angle. With 
G as center and BG as radius describe the circle BHL, and 
draw FGL. With F as center, FL as radius, describe a circle 
cutting the given circle in C. Join FC, cutting AB in D. 
Then ABC is the triangle required. 

In the triangles FOB and FBD, Z FOB = Z FBA, since arc 
ZF=arc FB ; also ACFB is common, hence the triangles are 
similar, and FC : FB = FB : FD ; but FL(= FC) : FB = FB : 
FH. Therefore FH and HL = CD. 

Hence in the triangle ABC, AB is the given base, Z ACB 
the given vertical angle, and CD the given bisector, and'the tri¬ 
angle is satisfied in every condition. 

— From “ American Mathematical Monthly.” 




ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 


199 


16 . J. 18 . 

17. Height = radius. 19. 12.91 miles. 

20. Let # = a side of the equilateral triangle. Also a, b, 
and c = the given distances from the point to the sides. 

(1) The area of the equilateral A = —■V3. 

(2) The area of the equilateral A = ^ (a + 6 + c). 

|V3 = | (a + 6 + c). Solving, * = a+ ^_ + -- 

21. 10341.1 cubic inches. 22. 16.9704. 

23. Three inches solid is greater, for 
Three solid inches = 3 cubic inches. 

Three inches solid — 27 cubic inches. 

24. Their homes will be the vertices of an equilateral tri¬ 
angle, and hence the well must be dug where the bisectors of 
the angles meet. 

26. 600 square feet. 30. 10 feet. 

27. 8.0558. 33. 39.79 cubic inches. 

29. 7 feet. 

34. Diameter of the fixed circle. 

35. 4 feet. 

36. 10 feet. 

37. 4330.13 square inches. 

38. 10,000 square inches. 

39. 17204.77 square inches. 

40. 259.81 square feet. 

41. 363.39 square feet. 

42. 482.84 square feet. 

43. 618.182 square feet. 


44. 769.421 square feet. 

45. 936.564 square feet. 

46. 1119.615 square feet. 

47. 2f feet. 

48. 16f inches. 

49. 1.755 inches. 

50. 10.198 feet. 

51. 10.863 inches. 

52. 10.142 ft. 



200 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


53. 

33^ feet. 



54. 

71.344 feet from smaller; 

70,071 feet from larger. 

55. 

15.38756 feet. 

63. 

4.192 feet from large end. 

56. 

2 feet. 

65. 

154.9856. 

57. 

1.84 cubic feet. 

67. 

2106 square yards. 

58. 

126^- square inches. 

68. 

80=base; 60 = altitude. 

59. 

122.84 square inches. 

69. 

101 feet. 

60. 

11.596 square inches. 

70. 

29.41 rods. 

61. 

251.328 square feet. 

73. 

78.572 feet. 

62. 

6.8068 cubic feet. 




74. Let a = BC and AC, the ladders ; 
BD= 10; andBP=7; then AD=a-10. 
Let x = BE ; then AE = 14 — x ; and 
we have V(PD 2 + EA 2 ) = a -10. But 
ED 2 = 10 2 - x’ 2 , and EA 2 = (14 - x) 2 . 
Hence V[10 2 - x 2 + (14 - x) 2 ] = a - 10. 

Also, 7 : x = a : 10, whence x = 70 -r- a. 
Substituting and reducing, 

a 3 — 20 a 2 -196 a + 1960 = 0; 
a = 24.72189 feet, Ans. 

75. 78 feet. 80. 13.65 rods. 

81. Let PA’ and B'C intersect at K. Draw through K a 
line parallel to BC cutting AB at x and AC at y. A PB'C’ is 
isosceles ; therefore Z B' = Z O. The points P, K, y , B 1 are 
concyclic; hence Z y = Z B’. The points P, x, (7, K are con- 
cyclic ; hence Z x = Z C. .-. Z x = Z y, and A Pxy is isosceles. 
Hence K is the mid-point of xy, since PK is perpendicular to 
xy. .-. iTis on the median through A. 

— From “School Science and Mathematics.” 

82. In A ABC let m be the bisector of the Z A, and n the 
bisector of Z B. 












ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 


201 


Then, 
m = 


2 _ 2 _ 

-- -V&* c- s(s —a), and n — - Va-c- s(s — b). 

b + c v a + c ' 


C 


See Schultze and Sevenoak’s “ Geometry,” page J 58. 






5 + c 


V& • c* s(s 


VP 


b 


a)=--—Va-c-s(s-b), r 

Cb 0 rr 

£<sh / D4 It -- r 

b (s — a) __ «(s — 6) 

(b + c) 1 2 (a + c) 2 q—V - . Z f ■ btsiosj^ 

M\- 

iti 


‘(i) 


Replace s by (a + b -f- c), simplify, and factor, equation 
becomes /)!)£.¥ 

(b — ^[c 3 + c*(b + a) -f 3 abc -\-cib(b + a)] = 0. 

Since the second factor cannot be zero, b — a = 0, and a = 6. 


106. 5 inches. 


127. 3687.41 square feet. , 1"£ j 


MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS 


SjuctyLlf* ' 


1. 10,945. 

2. 221.095 cubic inches. Solve by using the formula, 

V = r*V3(ire — 2 rV2), where e is the edge. 

3. 367 trees. 4. 84.823 square feet; 63.617 cubic feet. 

5. 21^ feet. 6. 88f square feet. 7. 8f square feet. 

8. 436.21 cubic inches. 9. 362.8167 square feet. 

10. Let r = the radius of the ball. Then (r — 4) will be 
the radius of the hollow sphere inclosed by the shell. 

As the volumes of spheres are proportional to the cubes of 
their radii, the conditions of the problem require that 

r 3 — (r — 4) 3 = ^ r 3 , or f r 3 = (r — 4) 3 . 


•. r =-= 55.79 + inches, Ans. 



















202 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


11. 15.29 feet. 12. 64 feet. 13. 18.62 feet. 


14. The sparrow flies 66f feet, the eagle 133| feet. 



15. Let AB= 25; HC=25 \/2; 
OB = V2. 

BK= 100 - 25 = 75; 

PO = V BP 2 — OW = VM. 

HP = Y(VM + V2); 
^=^=f ( Vi7 + i ) . 


Area AEPF= AE"- = ^(9 + VTf). 

Area ABCD = 25 2 = 625, 

and area BEPFDC = &§&(9 + VlT — 2) = 3476 square feet. 

E1C= 100 -AE = ^(7 - Vl7). 

Area of segments PFH and PEK 

= +1(2 PE x .EA') = 3252 square feet. 


Area AHLK = f 7r x 100 2 = 23,562 square feet. 

23,562 + 3252 + 3476 = 30,290 square feet. 

— From “ The School Visitor.’’ 


16. In order to overturn the cube it must be revolved on a 
lower edge until the center of mass is vertically over that 
edge, and this will require the lifting of the 300 pounds 
through a distance a(\/2 — 1), a being the edge of the cube 
against gravity. 

.-. the work done = 300 a(V2 — 1)= 124.26 a foot pounds. 
Hence, the size of the cube cannot be left out of the 
calculation. 

— From “ The American Mathematical Monthly.” 

17. 34.6785 feet. 18. 4.72 rods. 19. 7.92 rods. 

20. 22.72 feet. 21. 76.394 feet. 









ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 


203 


22. 

11.9206; 8.0794; 8.0794; 11.9206. 

23. 

18.2948 feet. 

27. 

1.87+ feet. 

24. 

38.5704. 

28. 

889.337+ 

25. 

124.905 feet. 

29. 

24,630.144 acres. 

26. 

11.817 inches. 

30. 

2765.45 square yards. 

31. 

Two feet from the end of the log. 

32. 

249.03 inches. 

34. 

108 sheep. 

33. 

16.125 square inches. 



35. 

The rabbit goes 133^ yards; the hound goes 166J yards. 

36. 

128. 

43. 

11.34 feet per second. 

37. 

180. 

44. 

90 pounds. 

38. 

19.8; 35.7; 44.5. 

45. 

350.163 square yards. 

39. 

16.2484 cubic inches. 

46. 

2467.4 cubic feet. 

40. 

60°. 

47. 

602.349 cubic inches. 

41. 

113.0976 square feet. 

48. 

355.88 square inches. 

42. 

7.2 inches. 

49. 

6830.47 cubic inches. 

50. 

842.044 square inches 

; 404.318 cubic inches. 

52. 

125.6638 square feet; 

31.4159 cubic feet. 

53. 

1,184,352.528 cubic inches. 


54. 

Any force greater than 20 2\ 

pounds will draw the 

wheel 

over the log. 



55. 

19.7392 cubic feet. 

56. 

39.4784 square feet. 

57. 

4421.58 square inches 

; 17,686.32 cubic inches. 

58. 

1473.86 square inches 

; 3457.92 cubic inches. 

59. 

372.30 cubic feet. 

61. 

.596+ feet. 

60. 

27.12 cubic inches. 

62. 

36 square feet. 


204 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


63. 42f cubic feet. 

64. 226.2 cubic inches. 

65. 7.61§ square feet. 

66. 189.8 inches. 


72. 


67. 628.32 square inches. 

68. 400 square inches. 

69. 339.29 square feet. 

70. A, 44.69828+ mi.; B, 86.81897+ mi. 

71. 79.119 feet. 

Let X, or AOB be the given angle. 

With 0 as a center and any radius, 
describe a circle. 

Draw the secant AMN, making MN 
equal to the radius of the circle. 

(This can be done only by using a graduated 
ruler.) 

Join the points 0 and M. 

Then Z N= |ZX 

Proof. Z MNO = Z MON. 

Z AMO = Z N+ Z MON= 2 x Z N. 

Z AMO = Z MAO. 



ZN + ZMAO = ZX. 

.*. Z N ZX. 

Eor other solutions, see Ball’s “ Mathematical Recreations.” 

73. For 20 pounds on 10 arm, weight = = 22-J. 

For 20 pounds on 9 arm, weight = ^ = 18 • 

22 f +18 = 40f pounds or f pounds he loses, 
f-*-40 = 1 ^, t 1q- of 100% = |% he loses. 

— From “ School Science and Mathematics,” 

74. Let x= pressure on B’s shoulder. 

The moments about A’§ shoulder are 5 X 54 down, and 9 x 
up. 





ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 


205 


9x = 5 X 54. .*. a; = 30, weight on B’s shoulder. 

In like manner we may let x = the pressure on A’s shoulder. 
Then 9 x = 4 x 54. .-. x = 24, weight on A’s shoulder. 

75. Since the momenta of the bullet and gun are equal in 

magnitude, 7 v = • 1400, whence v = 6.26 foot seconds and 

E __ mv_ _ 7 • 0.w6 _ ^ 3 _ ener gy 0 f recoil. 

64.2 64.2 

Also W=Fs. .-. 4.3 = t 4 2 F, or F= 12.9 pounds. 

76. Let w equal energy of ball, and v its velocity on emer¬ 
gence. Then w = 1000 2 x — • Energy after passing through 

n 

plank is f 

v 2 = | x 1000 2 , or v= 912.87 feet per second. 

77. 16,956.1 square feet. 80. 68,948.77 feet. 

78. 213,825.15 acres. 81. 337.5 cubic feet. 

79. 989.96 feet. 82. 22.386 feet. 

83. 411 feet. 

84. 40 rd. = length; 30 rd. = breadth; 7\ acres = area. 

85. 80 rd. = length; 60 rd. = breadth. 

86. 100 feet. 90. 31,416 square feet. 

87. 50 rods. 91. 6 feet; 8 feet; 10 feet. 

88. 48 inches. 92. .80449+. 

89. 36.57 acres. 

MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS 

1. Let x = difference between Mary and Ann’s ages. 

Then 24 — x = Ann’s age. 

Therefore 12+a; = 24 — x. 

.*. x = 6. 

24 — x = 18, Ann’s age. 

2. 20 pounds. 

3. Take the six matches and form a tetrahedron. This 



206 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


tetrahedron will have four faces, each face being bounded by 
three matches which form an equilateral triangle. 

4. The same. 

5. To find the digit crossed out subtract the remainder 
from the next highest multiple of nine. 

6. To find the figure struck out subtract the remainder 
from the next highest multiple of nine. 

7. 

12 inches 


4 in. 


a 



. 

CO 

4 in. 


! 


a 


1 

• 


CO 

4 in. 

I* 

l< 




• 

i 

i 

■ 

..j 


16 inches 


8 . 99f. 

9. In forming the second figure from the four parts of the 
first the lines forming squares do not coincide exactly, thus 
seemingly forming 65. 

10 . The blacksmith was right, as he had to cut and weld 
only three links. 

13. 



18. oo 


19. 341; 311 


14. 25; 15; 20. 

15. 40 feet 

16. Rides 3; walks 1. 

20 . There will be no lot, since the given 
dimensions will not make a triangle. 

22 . 5 and 6 are 11. 


21 . None. 


















ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 


207 


23. A, $25.53; B, $19.15; C, $15.32. 

24. They borrowed one sheep, which made 18. After divid¬ 
ing they had one left, which was returned to the owner. 

25. Only 6 cats. 

27. 


28. The pickets, standing vertically, are supposed to be uni¬ 
formly the same distance apart at the base; practically there 
would be the same number as at the top of the elevation, if 
these pickets were extended downward to a common level. 

29. 8 cats. 

30. In each case the middle digit is 9 and the digit before it 
(if any) is equal to the difference between 9 and the last digit. 

31. Subtract 14 from the result given, and obtain a number 
of two digits which are the numbers originally chosen. The 
digit in tens’ place is the number that was multiplied by 5. 

33 . If the second remainder is less than the first, the figure 
erased is the difference between the remainders; but if the 
second remainder is greater than the first, the figure erased 
equals 9, minus the difference of the remainders. 

34 . I make my additions so that the sums are respectively, 
12, 23, 34, 45, 56, 67, 78, and 89. 

35 . $8 and the boots. 

36. Take the goose over, return and take the corn over, 
bring the goose back, take the fox over, then return for the 
goose. 



1 


Wife’s 



Part 


• 2 



3 



4 












208 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


37. Gravity would cause the ball to descend toward the 
center of the earth with an increased velocity, but coming con¬ 
stantly to a point of less motion in the earth, it would soon 
scrape on the east side of the hole, until it passed the center, 
where it would be constantly passing points having a faster 
motion than the center; it would soon scrape on the opposite 
side; the friction thus retarding the motion, it would pass and 
repass the center of the earth until it would finally come to rest 
at this point. 

— From “Curious Cobwebs.” 

38. 


39. With a one, a three, a nine, and a twenty-seven pound 
weight. 

40. 


41. Sometimes, k to co ^ ot o s oo o o. 

42. If so, by the same logic, you can multiply eggs by eggs 
and get square eggs, or multiply circles by circles and get 
square circles. It is impossible to multiply feet by feet for 
the principles of multiplication are — (1) The multiplier must 
be regarded as an abstract number. (2) The multiplicand and 
product must be like numbers. 

43. No. 






















ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 


209 


45. I will always have money. 

46. (i) R pushes P into A. (n) R returns, pushes Q up to 
p in A, couples Q to P, draws them both out to F, and then 
pushes them to E. (m) Pis now uncoupled, the engine tabes Q 
back to A, and leaves it there, (iv) The engine returns to P, 
pulls B back to C, and leaves it there, (v) The engine run¬ 
ning successively through P, D, and B , comes to A, draws Q 
out, and leaves it at B. 

7 _ __ . • i . • 99 


— From Ball’s “ Mathematical Recreations.’ 


47. Place 5 on 4, 2 on 1, 11 on 10, and 8 on 7. 

48. Fill the 3-gallon cask and pour it into the 5. Fill it 
again and pour into the 5 until the 5 is full. There is now 1 
gallon left in the 3. Pour back the 5 into the 8, and the one 
gallon left in the 3 into the 5. Then fill the 3 and pour into 
the 5, making 4 gallons in the 5-gallon cask, or one half of 
the 8 gallons. 

49. $20. 

53. 80.69 + .74 + .5. 54. + 

55. 78 + 15 -f a/9 4- a/64- 

56. Ix2x3x4x5x6x7x8x9x0=0. 



58. Suppose he starts from F. Then he may take either of 
two routes. 

(1) fbautponcdejklmqrshgf 

(2) F B A UTSRKLMQPONCDEJH G F. 
Rule. The route from any town may he found by either of the 

following rules , in which r denotes he is to take the road to the 
right, and l denotes that he is to take the road to the left. 

(1) rrrlllrlrlrrrlllrlrl. 

(2) lllrrrlrlrlllrrrlrlr. 

59 . Second class. The hand is the P, the boat the W, and 
the water the F. 



210 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


60. $.75 $75. 63. 28 eggs. 64. 32+feet. 65. $2.50. 

66 . They sell 49, 28, and 7 at the rate of 7 for a cent; then 
1, 2, and 3 at 3 cents each; hence each one receives 10 cents. 

67. 39.79+pounds. 69. See No. 48. 

70. Answer, 21. It cannot be greater than the smallest 
number, 27; it cannot be 27, since the remainders would then 
be different. By dividing these numbers, one by another, 48 
by 27, 90 by 48, 174 by 90, we find the remainders to be 21, 42, 
84, the last two being multiples of the first. Now dividing 
the numbers by these remainders (21 and the multiples), 27 by 
21, 48 by 42, 90 by 84, and 174 by 168, the next multiple of 
21 , we obtain a remainder which is the same in each case; we 
therefore conclude that dividing all the numbers by 21 would 
give a like result. 

a 


10 feet 






5 ft. 

3 ft 


5 ft. 

Is 



5 





72 - i • 73. XIX. Take the 1 away and have XX. 

74. 1-i- pounds. 

75. Invert the 6 to make it 9. The whole number may be 
either 918 or 198. 


76. 1.25. 

77. 


\ • Tree 


Tree< 



/ *Tree 








answers and solutions 


211 


78. The method would have been incorrect. The division 
would have been in favor of the tenant. The landlord would 
have received § of 45 bushels when he was entitled to f of the 
45 bushels and also to £ of the 18 bushels. In other words, he 
should have received f of (45 +18), or 25£ bushels. The land¬ 
lord would have lost the difference between 25£ bushels and 
18 bushels, or 7£ bushels. 

79. 792. BO. 20. 81. 0. 

82. By immersing them in a vessel of water. 

83. B hoes six the most. 84. 3. 85. 3 3 -f- 3. 

86. IX = 9. Cross the I and make it XX. 

87. 21 days, because two of the ears are his own. 

88. 43 days. 89 • 64 



5 i 

ncl 

les ] 

! 5 inches j 

life 





n 

j 




J 

LTD 





J 

U 




J 

U 1J 


91. Eirst, the two sons cross, then one returns. Second, the 
man ’crosses’ and the other son returns. Third, both sons cross, 
and then one returns. Fourth, the lady crosses and the other 
son returns. Fifth, the two sons cross. 

92. 199. 93. Infinity. 94. 2f. 

95. 96. 3 3 — 3, or 22 + 2. 97. 29 days. 

98. Ans. 987,654,321. 

When multiplied by 18 = 17,777,777,778. 

When multiplied by 27 = 26,666,666,667. 

When multiplied by 36 = 3o,555,555,556. 

When multiplied by 45 = 44,444,444,445. 

When multiplied by 54 = 53,333,333,334. 

When multiplied by 63 = 62,222,222,223. 

When multiplied by 72 = 71,111,111>H2. 

When multiplied by 81 = 80,000,000,001. 












212 


MATHEMATICAL WKINKLES 


When multiplied by 99 = 97,777,777,779. 

When multiplied by 9 = 8,888,888,889. 

When multiplied by 90 = 88,888,888,890. 

The same is true of higher multiples of nine. Thus, 

108 x 987,654,321 = 106,666,666,668. 

117 X 987,654,321 = 115,555,555,557. 

99. Three cents for each seven and nine cents each for the 
remainder. 

100 . It will make no difference as long as he jumps on the 
deck. Should he jump off the boat, then the effect would be 
different. 

101 . 10 . 102 . 3 8 ./ 

103. When the figures added make nine or some multiple 
of nine. 

104. 3 + 0-f-2-f0-bl +1 = 7. 9 — 7 = 2. Two is wanting 
to make a multiple of nine, therefore 2 placed anywhere in, or 
before, or after the number, will make it divisible by nine. 

105. 11 grooms and 15 horses. 106. 11 cents. 

107. 301. 108. 300 pounds; also 300 pounds. 

109. Because muscles and bones are heavier than fat. The 
specific gravity of a fat man is therefore less than that of a 
lean one. 

110 . The ball which is thrown has time to impart its motion 
to the board; but the one fired has not. 

111 . Move from 1 to 6, 4 to 1, 7 to 4, 2 to 7, 5 to 2, 8 to 5, 
and 3 to 8. 

112 . 8888, when halved equals 0000. 

113. 4±2V3. 

114. May have any shape; square. 


ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 


213 


115. 1 is the only integer. This is however true of any 
number between 0 and 2. 


116. 2 + 2 = 2 2 , or 0 + 0 = 0 2 . 

117. 142,857. 

118. 12. 

121. 64 

25 

89 + 1 + 3 + 7 = 100. 


Many other solutions. 


15 56 95| 

36 8 m 

47 4 100 

"98 3 

2 71 

100 _29 

100 


G 

10 

3 

15 

11 

7 

14 

2 

16 

4 

' 9 

5 

1 

13 

8 

12 



125. Arrange the figures as in (12) except use such figures 
to place opposite each other that when added make 20. Use 
10 at center. 


126. 




129. 7. 

132. B, C, and A respectively. 

















214 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


134. (1) 32043 2 =1026753849. 

(2) 99066 2 = 9814072356. 

(3) (4) The least solutions which have been found of (3), (4) 
are identical: 

10101010101010101 2 = 10203 ... 080908 ... 30201, but there 
are probably lower numbers suitable. If numbers beginning 
with zero were admissible, then much lower numbers would 
suffice, e. g., 01111111110 2 =001234567898765432100. 

—From “Mathematical Reprint.” 

135. 25.3 rods. 

136. Let x — A ? s ability and?/=B’s ability. Since A can 
dig the ditch in the same time that B shovels the dirt, x : y = 
the labor required to dig it : the labor required to shovel the 
dirt. 

And since B can dig twice as fast as A can shovel, ±y:x = the 
labor required to dig it : the labor required to shovel the dirt. 
x\y = \y:x. 

... y = x V2 = 1.414 x. 

A should receive — x — of $ 10, or- g - of $ 10 = — j — 

x + y x + 1.414 x 2.414 

of $10= $4.14. B received $5.86. 

138. This is a mere trick. W 7 hen trains meet they must be 
at the same distance from a given point. 

139. 0 is the only possible digit to satisfy the first addend 
total. 2 being “ carried ” to the second column, 2 is found to be 
the next missing number. The third column total must be 
either 23 or 33. On trial, the former is found to be wrong, and 
the only two numbers making 18, so as to give 33 as total of 
third line, are 9 and 9. Proceeding, we find that 9 is wanted in 
the fourth line, and in the sixth line two 0’s. Only these 
numbers will satisfy, and the answer is proved by adding. 

140. The only number to satisfy the product by 5 is 3, and 
this being supplied the remaining numbers are easily found. 





ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 


215 


The only possible numbers, in the multiplier are 3 and 8; of 
these we see that 8 is the one required. The third missing 
number is, of course, 6. 

141. If the question be put down in skeleton, we shall be 
more readily able to supply the missing links. 

)529565(*** 

2466 

#### 2244 

2225 
**** 

542 

The last remainder being 542, we see that 2225 — 542, i.e. 
1683, must be the last multiple of the divisor. Similarly, 
2466 — 222 leaves 2244 as another multiple. The G. C. M. 
of 2244 and 1683 is 561, and this number is greater than the 
largest remainder (542), hence 561 is the divisor. The quo¬ 
tient, by division, will be found to be 943. 

142. The middle digit remains unaltered, and since in add¬ 
ing the second digit is 7 (1 being carried), the second line total 
must be 17, and therefore 8 must be the middle digit. Again 
the first digit total must be 10, and the only possible addends 
are 9 and 1, 8 and 2, 7 and 3, 6 and 4, 5 and 5. By testing it 
will be seen that 9 and 1 are the only two numbers fulfilling 
conditions. Ans. 981 and 189. 

143. Instead of multiplying by 409, she actually multiplied 
by 49, therefore her answer was short of the true answer by 
(409 — 49), i.e. 360, times the multiplicand, and we are told this 
was 328,320; 328,320 -f- 360 = 912, the multiplicand. 

— From “ Arithmetical Wrinkles.” 

144. 3 ft. 

145. (1) Webster’s Dictionary says that after the sign Iq 
for D, the character q (called the apostrophus) was repeated 





216 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


one or more times, each repetition having the effect of multi¬ 
plying I 3 by 10. To represent a number twice as great, C 
was repeated as many times before the stroke, I, as the 3 was 
given after it. Hence, one billion is written, 

CCCCCCC I0 000000 

(2) A bar placed over any number in the Roman notation 
multiplies the original value by 1000; hence two bars placed 
over it would be a thousand times a thousand times its initial 
value, and M = 1000 x 1000 x 1000 = 1,000,000,000. 

—From “ The School Visitor.” 

146 . Let AC locate the ditch and O the point required. 

The triangles AOD and COB 
have equal altitudes, DG and 
BF\ hence, their bases AO 
and 0(7 must be to each other 
as their areas, or as 2 to 3, 

and O may be -f of the distance from A to C or from C to A. 

147 . Let x, y , and z be the three digits. Then, (100#-|-10y 
-f 2 ) — (100 z -f- 10 y -h x) — 99 x - 99 z. Consequently, the dif¬ 
ference for any set of three digits is 9 x 11 (x — z). 

The result is always 99 times the difference of the extreme 
digits. 

148 . 99ff. 

149 . Multiply the selected number by nine, and use the prod¬ 
uct as the multiplier for the larger number. It will be found 
that the result is in each case the “ lucky ” number, nine times 
repeated. 

150 . The father was three times the age of his son 15-J- 
years earlier, being then 55^ while his son was 18^. The son 
will have reached half his father’s age in 3 years’ time, being 
then 37, while his father will be 74. 

151 . 45. 






ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 


217 


152. The asterisks indicate the figures to be expunged. 
*11 
33* 

77* 

### 

ml 


153. By the conditions there were twelve children in all and 
each has now nine, then each parent had three children when 
married, making six arrivals within ten years. 

156. 50£ 80$£ 

_49f| JL9J 

100 100 

Many other solutions. 

157. 


1 = 44-44. 

2 = 4-4 + 4-4. 

3 = (4 + 4 + 4)-4. 

4 = V(4 x 4 x 4 — 4). 

5 = V(TVT)+4-4. 

6 = 4-.4-V(4x4). 

7 = 44-5-4 — 4. 

8 = (4 + 4) x (4-5- 4). 

9 = 4 + 4 + 4—4. 

10 = 4-s-.4 + 4-4. 

11 =4-*- .4 + 4-4. 

12 = 4x4-V(Tx4. 

13 = 44-4+VI. 


16 = 4x4-4 + 4. 

17 = 4x4 + 4-4. 

18 = 4— .4+ 4+ 4. 

19 = (4 + 4 — .4) — .4. 

20 = 4 - .4 + 4 - .4. 

21 = (4.4 + 4)-.4. 

22 = (4 + 4) -r- .4 + VI. 

23 = 4-(.4 x .4)- V4. 

24 = (4 + 4) — .4 + 4. 

25 = (4 + 4 + VI) -f- .4 

26 = 4 X4 + 4-.4. 

27 = 4 — (.4 x .4) + VI. 

28 = 44-4x4. 


14 = 4 — .4 + V(4 x4). 29 = 4 — (.4 x .4) + 4. 

15 = 44-4 + 4. 30 = (4 + 4 + 4) -5- .4. 

158. The figure that occurs in the quotient is the difference 
between the first and last figures of the number taken. 









218 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


159. The figure erased is the first remainder minus the 
second, or if the first is not greater than the second, then it is 
the first + 9 — the second. 


160. Yes. For 


,-2+4 
example —- = 


4-5 -10 

161. Every even number contains 2 as a factor and every 
alternate even number contains 4 as a factor; hence, the prod¬ 
uct of any two consecutive even numbers is divisible by 8 . 


162. Indeterminate. 

163. A gets seven ninths as much as B per rod; hence to 
get equal money A must dig nine sevenths as much. Dividing 
100 rods in proportion of 9 to 7, A must dig 56.25 rods and B 
43.75 rods. For actual work each gets thus an equal sum, 
$98.4375, and we may now infer that the balance of the money 
should be equally divided, giving each $ 100 . 

164. 3 ounces. 165. 10 cents. 


166. There is no change in the weight, since the weight of 
the fish is the same as the weight of the water displaced. 

167. A rectangular tank twice as wide as it is deep with a 
square base. 

168. $13.75. 

169. 300. 

170. The bird is heavier than the air and supports itself by 
striking down upon the air. The increase in weight caused by 
these strokes would undoubtedly be the difference between the 
weight of the bird and the weight of its displacement of air. 

171. Suppose John’s rate of work is w times James’. 

Then, by the first condition, 

James’ work : John’s work :: 3 : w, 
and by the second condition, 

James’ work : John’s work :: w : 1 . 

3 : w:: w : 1. 




ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 


219 


Then w= V3, a mean proportional. 

Then $10 must be divided between John and James in the 
ratio of 1: V3, which makes John’s share $3.66, and James’ 
share $6.34. 

173. 5. 

174. Subtract from the higher multiple of 9. 

176. A mile square can be no other shape than square; the 
expression names a surface of a certain specific size and shape. 
A square mile may be of any shape; the expression names a 
unit of area, but does not prescribe any particular shape. 


179. 

36 cents. 


180. 

2 . 


181. 

SIX IX 

XL 


IX X 

L 


S I 

X 

182. 

41.78+ feet. 


183. 

The correct answer is 


185. 

There are several solutions. 

One is as follows 


The vessels can hold 

24 oz. 

13 oz. 

11 

oz. 5 oz. 

Their contents to begin with are 

24 

0 

0 

0 

First, make their contents 

0 

8 

11 

5 

Second, make their contents 

16 

8 

0 

0 

Third, make their contents 

16 

0 

8 

0 

Fourth, make their contents 

3 

13 

8 

0 

Fifth, make their contents 

3 

8 

8 

5 

Last, make their contents 

8 

8 

8 

0 

186. He lost. 





0/1A Let - be the required 

i87. y 

fraction. 




Zoo Then * pounds + - shillings + 

- pence 

= 1 

pound. 


y y y 



220 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


Reducing all to pence, we have, 

240 x -)* 12 x x _ 240 

y 


. 253 x _ 24Q 


y 



188. The number 45 is the sum of the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 
7, 8, 9. The puzzle is solved by arranging these in reverse 
order, and subtracting the original series from them, when the 
remainder will be found to consist of the same digits in a dif¬ 
ferent order, and therefore making the same total. 


987654321 = 45 
123456789 = 45 
864197532 = 45 


Thus, 


191. One traveled ten times around the world, and the 
other remained at home, or both traveled around the earth 
in opposite directions, the sum of the two sets of circumnavi¬ 
gation amounting to ten. 

192. (a) They start in a high latitude and on the same 
meridian, both going east or west. ( b ) They start in a high 
latitude, both on the same parallel and travel south (or if in a 
high southern latitude they would travel north), (c) They 
may start each ten miles from the north pole 180° of longitude 
apart, and each travels five miles south. 

193. They travel from the North Pole to the South Pole, or 
from the South Pole to the North Pole. 

194. Standing on the North Pole. 

195. It will never come up. 

196. 40 pounds. 


197. (9$)*; 9f|; 9.99$; + 


200 . All that is necessary is to deduct 25 from the sum 
named. This will give a remainder of two figures, represent¬ 
ing the points of the two dice. 




ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 


221 


201. Subtract 250 from the sum named. This will give a 
remainder of three figures, representing the points of the three 
dice. 

202. I Solution. Sam and John each take 2 full casks, 2 
empty casks, and 3 half-full casks; and James, 3 full casks, 
3 empty casks, and 1 half-full cask. 

II Solution. Sam and John each take 3 full casks, 1 half¬ 
full cask, and three empty casks ; and James 1 full cask, 5 
half-filled casks, and 1 empty cask. 

204. This problem is susceptible of various answers, equally 
correct, according to the value assigned to the smallest part, 
or unit of measurement. If this unit of measurement be 1, the 
number will be 1 + 40 + 400 + 500 = 941. If the unit be 2, 
the number will be 2 4- 80 4 - 800 +1000 = 1882, and so on 
ad infinitum . 

205. 2519. 

206. Find the center of either side of a given square, and 
cut the card in a straight line from that point to one of the 
opposite corners, as shown in the small figure. Treat four of 
the five squares in this manner. Rearrange the eight segments 



thus made with the uncut square in the center, as shown 111 
the larger figure, and you will have a single perfect square. 

— From “Mechanical Puzzles.” 




222 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


207. 


r - 

1 

i 

£ 



i 

i 

S' 

Ics 

Im. 



a 

(5* 

jts 

1 ft. 


a 

CO 

2 feet 


-i 

i 


3 

feet 




pieces as shown in the second figure. 



210 . Count and mark every ninth one, marking it “Turk” 
until 15 are marked. Mark the remaining ones, “ Christians.” 

211. 16f. 213. 7 and 5. 214. 10| hours. 217. 60. 

215. 72. 218. 28. 216. PRECAUTION. 

219. Divide the cross as indicated in the first figure and 

rearrange as shown in the latter. 



































ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 


223 


224. Subtract the smallest number from each of the others. 
The G. C.D. of the differences is the required divisor. An¬ 
swer, 2. 

226. The number of shoes equals the number of persons. 

227. 27.3083+ inches. 

228. There would be no difference in the weight when the 
bird perched or flew. The air which supports the bird rests 
on the bottom of the cage. If the same cage had no top, the 
same would hold. If it had no bottom, there would still be no 
difference in weight. In this case the flight of the bird would 
tend to produce a vacuum just under the top, and the air above 
the cage would press downward with a force equal to the 
weight of the bird. If both top and bottom were removed, 
there would be a difference equal to the weight of the birdr"^ 

— From. “ School Science and Mathematics.” 


232. 


233. 2JfUf inches and inches. 

234. Similar solids are to each other as the cubes of cor¬ 
responding lengths. Therefore the volumes of the balls are to 































224 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


each other as l 3 is to 2 3 or as 1 to 8. By adding 1 to 8 we get 
9. 9 is the sum of these two perfect cubes. We must now 

find two other numbers whose cubes added together make 9. 
These numbers must be fractional. They are ? ? I ii'iii 
feet and fiHyfMUrt ^ ee ^- 

235. Yes. By 2,071,723 and 5,363,222,357. 



236. I entered the room C because I put my foot and part 
of my body in it, and I did not enter the other room twice, 
because after once going in I never left it until I made my 
exit at B. This is the only possible solution. 


237. 


















































































ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 


225 


238. Bisect AB at D and BC at E ; produce AE to F making 
EF equal to EB \ bisect AF at G 
and describe the arc AHF ; produce 
EB to H, and EH is the length of 
the side of the required square; 
from E with distance EH, describe 
the arc IIJ and make JK equal to 
BE ; now from the points D and K 
drop perpendiculars on EJ at L and 
M. If you have done this accu¬ 
rately, you will now have the required directions for the cuts. 

241. 24. Reduce the length of the block by half an inch. 
The small block constitutes the waste. Cut the other piece 
into three pieces each 1^ inches thick. Each of these may then 
be cut into eight blocks. 



242. There are eleven times in twelve hours when the hour 
hand is exactly twenty minute spaces ahead of the minute 
hand. If we start at four o’clock and keep on adding 1 hour 
5 minutes 27 T 3 T seconds, we shall get all these eleven times, 
the last being 2 hours, 54 minutes, 32^ seconds past twelve. 
Another addition brings us back to four o’clock, but at this 
time the second hand is nearly twenty-two minute spaces be¬ 
hind the minute hand, and if we examine all our eleven times, 
we shall find that only in one case is the second hand the 
required distance. This time is 54 minutes, 32y^- seconds 
past 2. 











226 


MATHEMATICAL WBINKLES 


244. 1_2 —3 —4 —5; 1 — 2 —4 —5—3; 1 — 3 — 2 — 
5 —4; 1—3 —4-2-5; 1—4 —2 —3 —5; 1 — 4 — 3 — 
5 — 2. 


245. Let A, B, C, D, E, F, and G represent the seven men. 
The way of arranging them is as follows: — 


A 

B 

C 

D 

E 

F 

G 

A 

C 

D 

B 

G 

E 

F 

A 

D 

B 

C 

F 

G 

E 

A 

G 

B 

F 

E 

C 

D 

A 

F 

C 

E 

G 

D 

B 

A 

E 

D 

G 

F 

B 

C 

A 

C 

E 

B 

G 

F 

D 

A 

D 

G 

C 

F 

E 

B 

A 

B 

F 

D 

E 

G 

C 

A 

E 

F 

D 

C 

G 

B 

A 

G 

E 

B 

D 

F 

C 

A 

F 

G 

C 

B 

E 

D 

A 

E 

B 

F 

C 

D 

G 

A 

G 

C 

E 

D 

B 

F 

A 

F 

D 

G 

B 

C 

E 


246. 8Jft. 

247. The bag contained either 79, 160, 241, 322, or 403, etc. 

248. Twenty-six transfers are necessary. Move the cars so 
as to reach the following positions : — 


E56 7 8 
1234 
E 5 6 

123 87 4 

56 

E312 87 4 
E 

87654321 


= 10 transfers 
= 2 transfers 
= 5 transfers 
= 9 transfers. 


250. If there were twelve ladies in all, there would be 132 
kisses among the ladies alone, leaving twelve more to be ex- 






ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 


227' 


changed with the curate — six to be given by him and six to 
be received. Therefore of the twelve ladies, six would be his 
sisters. Consequently, if twelve could do the work in four 
and a half months, six ladies would do it in nine months. 

252. Only three revolutions are necessary. 

Number the nests from 1 to 12 in the direction the person 
travels. Transfer the egg in nest No. 1 to nest No. 4, in No. 5 
to nest No. 8, in No. 9 to No. 12, in No. 3 to No. 6, in No. 7 to 
No. 10, in No. 11 to No. 2, and complete the last revolution to 
nest No. 1. 

This can also be done by transferring the egg in nest No. 4, 
to No. 7, in No. 8 to No. 11, in No. 12 to No. 3, in No. 2 to No. 5, 
in No. 6 to No. 9, in No. 10 to No. 1. 

253. He divided the rope in half. He simply untwisted the 
strands and divided it into two ropes, each being of the original 
length of the rope. He then tied these two ropes together 
and had a rope almost twice as long as the original rope. 

254. 26.029962661171957726998490768328505774732373764 
7323555652999. 

255. I reached the shore with little difficulty. I fastened 
one end of the trot line to the stern of the boat, and then while 
standing in the bow, gave the line a series of violent jerks 
thus propelling the boat forward. 

256. C J s age at A’s birth + A’s present age = A’s present 
age + B’s; then C’s age at A’s birth = B’s present age. By 
the second condition, A’s age —3 = J (B’s-f-4), from which 
A’s age = f B’s age -f 6 years. The difference between A’s and 
B’s present ages = B’s age at birth of A. Therefore ^ of B’s 
present age — 6 years = B’s age at A’s birth, and 5^ B’s age 
— 6 years) = of B’s present age, from which B’s age — 33 
years = B’s age, or 88 years. C’s age at A’s birth was also 88; 
B’s, 88 -+■ 5i or 16 years. A’s present age is 88 —16 = 72 
years ; B’s 88, and C’s 88 -f 72 = 160 years. 

257. £ 2,567 18 s. 9f d. 


SHORT METHODS 

Business men everywhere complain that the schools teach 
neither accuracy nor rapidity in calculations. They claim that 
the pupils must learn facts and principles and have much 
practice in the application of principles; that because a boy 
can apply a principle to-day is no guarantee that he will have 
the same knowledge and ability tomorrow; that eternal vigi¬ 
lance is not only the price of liberty, but also the price of 
proficiency. 

“ The mechanic who is not skillful in the use of his tools 
will never rise above poor mediocrity; the pupils’ arithmetical 
tools are figures, and unless he can handle these with facility 
and accuracy, he must ever remain a plodder, a waster of time, 
and a blunderer upon whose results none can depend.” 

We are living in a fast age, an age of steam and electricity, 
when results are attained by lightning methods. 

ADDITION 

There are no short cuts in addition; every figure in every 
column must be added to ascertain the amount. Nevertheless 
the time required to perform an operation in addition can be 
substantially shortened in the following ways: 

1. By making plain, legible figures. 

2. By placing units of a certain order immediately beneath 
units of a like order. 

3. By omitting the “ ands ” and “ ares.” 

4. By making combinations of 10. 

5. By double column adding. 

228 


SHOET METHODS 


229 


1 . 


Civil Service Method 


When long columns are to be added, the following method 
will be found practical. 

485 


576 

324 

449 

625 

264 

33 

29 

24 

2723 


2 . 


To insure accuracy, add each column 
from top downwards as well as from bot¬ 
tom upwards. 


Two-Column Adding 


OPERATION 

24 

36 

21 

83 

62 

53 

49 

328 

3. 

OPERATION 

142 

381 

212 

468 


Explanation. To add 2 columns at a time, begin with 
the number at the bottom and add the units of the number 
next above, and then add the tens, naming the totals only. 
Continue in this way until all the numbers are added. 
Thus, the given example would read 49, 52, 102, 104, 164, 
167, 247, 248, 268, 274, 304, 308, 328. 


To add Three or More Columns 

Explanation. Three columns or more may be added at 
one time by extending the two-column method to include 
all the columns desired. Thus, 468, 470, 480, 680, 681, 761, 
1061, 1063, 1103, 1203. 


1203 


4. 


A Jap Method of Adding 

Illustrative Example. — Find the sum of o82, 498, 364, 899, 
842, and 789. 




230 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


OPERATION 

382 

7.7.0 

1 1.4 4 

2 0.3.3 
29 8 5 
£6.6.4 

Note. 


Ans. 


Explanation. —Write 382 as read. To add 498, 
say 4 + 3 = 7 ; 9 + 8 = 17, write .7, the dot (.) shows 
that 1 ten is to be carried ; 8 + 2 = .0. 

To add 364, say 3 + 7. = 11, the dot following the 
7 increases its value 1 and is read 8. 

Continuing this method, we obtain 2.6.6.4 as the 
result, which would be read 3774. 


To be an adder of any consequence, one ought to be able to 


add at least one hundred figures per minute. 


SUBTRACTION 

There are three common methods of subtraction. In the 
following example, we may say, 

(1) 6 from 15, 9; 2 from 3, 1; 4 from 13, 9; 1345 

(2) 6 from 15, 9; 3 from 4, 1; 4 from 13, 9; 426 

(3) 6 and 9, 15 ; 2 and 1 and 1, 4 ; 4 and 9, 13. 919 

Each of these methods is easily understood. The first is 
the simplest of explanation, and hence it is generally taught 
to children. The second is slightly more rapid than the first. 
But the third, familiar to all as the common method of “mak¬ 
ing change,” is so much more rapid than either of the others 
that it is recommended to all computers. This method is 
called the “ Addition Method.” 


MULTIPLICATION 


The squares of all numbers up to 30 should be memorized. 
They become the basis of further knowledge of numbers. Thus: 


13 x 13 = 169 

14 x 14 = 196 

15 x 15 = 225 

16 x 16 = 256 

17 x 17 = 289 
18x18 = 324 


19 x 19 = 361 

20 x 20 = 400 

21 X 21 = 441 

22 x 22 = 484 

23 x 23 = 529 
24x24 = 576 


25 x 25 = 625 
•26x26 = 676 

27 x 27 = 729 

28 x 28 = 784 

29 x 29 = 841 
30x30 = 900 





SHORT METHODS 


231 


1 . 

When the Multiplicand and Multiplier are Alter¬ 
nating Numbers 

Alternating numbers are those having in their regular order 
a number between them; as 7 and 9; 19 and 21; 32 and 34. 

Rule. — Write the square of the intermediate number less one. 

Example.—15 X 17 = 16 2 - 1 = 256 - 1 = 255. 

17 x 19 = 18 2 - 1 = 324 - 1 = 323. 

39 x 41 = 40 2 — 1 = 1600 — 1 = 1599. 

Note.— The product of two numbers having three intermediate num¬ 
bers between them is equal to the square of the central number less 4. 
Thus 9 x 13 = ll 2 — 4 = 117. 

2. When the multiplier is a composite number. 

Multiply 328 by 42. 

OPERATION 

328 

_7 Explanation. — The factors of 42 are 7 and 6. We 

2296 multiply 328 by 7, and this result by 6 and obtain 13,776. 

_6 

13776 Ans. 

3. When the right-hand figure of the multiplier is 1. 

Multiply 23,425 by 41. 

operation Explanation. — Multiply the units’ figure of the mul- 

23425 by 41 tiplicand by the tens’ figure of the multiplier and set the 
93700 figure of the product obtained one place to the left of 

960425 Ans. units’ figure of the multiplicand. Continue in this man¬ 
ner until all the figures of the multiplicand have been 
multiplied by the figures of the multiplier, and add the product, or 
products, thus found to the multiplicand and the result will be the 
product desired. 

4. When the multiplier is a unit of any order. 

Rule. — Annex as many ciphers to the multiplicand as there 
are ciphers in the multiplier. 

Thus 42 x 10 = 420; 21 x 100 = 2100, etc. 





232 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


5. When the multiplier is 11. 

Rule. — Beginning with units, add each term of the multipli¬ 
cand to the one preceding, carrying as in the regular rule. 
Multiply 1328 by 11. 


OPERATION 

1328 
_ If 

14608 Ans. 


Explanation. —0 +8 = 8 and we write 8 for the units’ 
figure of the product; 8 + 2 = 10, we write 0 for tens’ 
place ; 2+3=5 and 1 carried = 6 ; we write 6 ; 3 + 1=4, 
we write 4 ; 1+0=1, we write 1 and the product is 14,608. 


6. When the multiplier is 9, 99, or any number of 9’s. 

Rule. — Annex to the multiplicand as many ciphers as the mul¬ 
tiplier contains 9’s, and subtract the multiplicand from the result. 

Thus 43561 x 999 = 43,561,000 - 43,561 = 43,517,439, Ans. 


7. To multiply any two figures by 11. 


Rule. — Add the figures and place the result between them . 


Thus 42 x 11 = 462, 29 X 11 = 319, etc. 


8. To multiply by any number which ends with 9. 
Multiply 327 by 39. 


OPERATION 

327 
_40 

13080 

327 

12753 Ans. 


Explanation. — The next number higher than 39 is 
40. Multiplying the multiplicand by 40 produces a re¬ 
sult of 13,080. The real multiplier is one less than 40, 
therefore by subtracting once the multiplicand from the 
result we get the desired product. 


9. To multiply by 15, 150, and 1500. 
Multiply 324 by 15. 


OPERATION 

3240 

1620 

4860 Ans. 


Explanation.— Annex a cipher to the multiplicand, 
take one half of that number and add to it and you have 
the desired product. 

To multiply by 150, annex two ciphers, and to multiply 
by 1500 annex three ciphers. 


10. To multiply two numbers ending in 5. 

Rule. — To multiply two small numbers each ending in 5, such 





SHORT METHODS 


233 


as 85 and 75, take the product of the left-hand figures (the 3 and 
7), increased by half their sum, and prefix the result to 25. 

Thus 35 5 x5 = 25. 

75 3 x 7 + \ (3 + 7) = 26. 

2625, Ans. 

11. * To square any number of two digits. 

Rule. — Square the figure in units’ place to obtain the figure 
in units’ place of the answer a7id carry as in multiplication. 
Then take twice the product of the figures in units’ and tens’ 
place, plus the amount carried. To the part of the square 
thus far obtained prefix the square of the figure in tens’ place 
plus the amount carried. 

Thus (84) 2 = 7056. 

4 2 = 16. Put down 6 and carry 1. 

2 (8 X 4) +1 = 65. Put down 5 and carry 6. 

8 2 -b 6 = 70. Prefix 70 to 56. 

This also applies to numbers of more than two digits, though 
not so readily performed mentally. 

12. To square a number ending in 5. 

Rule. — To square a number ending in 5, such as 85, take 
the product of 8 by the next higher figure ( 9 ) and annex 25 to 
the result. 

Thus 85 2 = 7225. 

13. To square any number consisting of 9’s. 

Rule. — Write as many 9’s less one as there are in the given 
number, an 8, as many ciphers as 9’s, and a 1. 

Thus 999 2 = 998001. 

14. To multiply by complements. Complements are useful 
not only in addition and subtraction, but also in multiplication. 
When the complements are small and the numbers of which 
they are complements are large, there is a great advantage in 
this method. 


234 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


Multiply 98 by 95. 


OPERATION 

98 complement 2 
95 complement 5 
9310 10 


Explanation. — The product of the comple¬ 
ments gives the two right-hand figures, 10, and 
subtracting either complement from the other fac¬ 
tor gives the other two figures, 93. 


Multiply 198 by 192. 

Explanation. — When the numbers to be 
operation multiplied are between one hundred and two 

198 complement 2 hundred, the remainder found by subtracting 
—192 complement 8_ either complement from the other number must 
38016 16 be doubled. 

Note. —If the numbers to be multiplied are between two hundred and 
three hundred, the remainder must be multiplied by three ; between three 
hundred and four hundred by four; between four hundred and five hun¬ 
dred by five ; and so on. 

15. To multiply by excesses. 

Rule. —From the sum of the numbers subtract 100 or 1000, as 
required, and annex the product of the excesses. 

Note. —An excess is the amount greater than 100, 1000, etc. 

Example. — 112 x 103 = 11536. 

112 + 03 = 115. 

To 115 annex 12 x 3, or 36 = 11536. 

Example. — 1009 X 1007 = 1016063. 

1009 + 007 = 1016. 

To 1016 annex 063 = 1016063. 


DIVISION 

When the divisor is an aliquot part of some higher unit. 

1. To divide by 2J, multiply the dividend by 4 and point off 
one place. 

2. To divide by 5, multiply the dividend by 2 and point off 
one place. 

3. To divide by 10, point off one place. 





SHORT METHODS 


4. To divide by 12^, multiply the dividend by 8 
off two places. 

5. To divide by 16§, multiply the dividend by 6 
off two places. 

6. To divide by 20, multiply the dividend by 5 
off two places. 

7. To divide by 25, multiply the dividend by 4 
off two places. 

8. To divide by 33J, multiply the dividend by 3 
off two places. 

9. To divide by 50, multiply the dividend by 2 
off two places. 

10. To divide by 66J, multiply the dividend by 3, point off 
two places, and divide by 2. 

11. To divide by 100, point off two places. 

12. To divide by 125, multiply the dividend by 8 and point 
off three places. 

13. To divide by 200, multiply the dividend by 5 and point 
off three places. 

14. To divide by 250, multiply the dividend by 4 and point 
off three places. 

15. To divide by 500, multiply the dividend by 2 and point 
off three places. 

16. To divide by 1000, point off three places. 

FRACTIONS 

1. To add two fractions which have 1 for their numerator. 

Rule. — Write the sum of the given denominators over the prod¬ 
uct of the given denominators. 

Thus i + i = sV 


235 
and point 

and point 

and point 

and point 

and point 

and point 


236 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


2. To subtract two fractions which have 1 for their numerator. 

Rule. — Write the difference of the given denominators over the 

product of the given denominators. 

Thus W=A = *- 

3. To multiply two mixed numbers when the whole numbers 
are the same and the sum of the fractions is 1 . 

Rule. — Multiply the whole number by the next highest whole 
number, and to the product thus obtained add the product of the 
fractions. 

Thus 94x91 = 90/5. 

4. To multiply two mixed numbers when the difference of 
the whole numbers is 1 , and the sum of the fractions is 1 . 

Rule. — Multiply the larger number increased by 1, by the 
smaller number; then square the fraction belonging to the larger 
number and subtract its square from 1. Add the whole number 
and the fraction and you have the desired product. 

Thus 5} X 4} = 24 / 5 . 

5. To multiply two mixed numbers ending in l. 

Rule. — To the product of the ichole numbers, add half their sum 
plus }. (If the sum be an odd number, call it one less, to make it 
even, and annex }.) 

Thus 81 X 64 = 551 51 x 61 = 35}, etc. 

6 . To square any number ending in one half. 

Rule. — Multiply the number by itself increased by unity; and 
annex }. 

7. To square any number ending in one fourth. 

Rule. — Multiply the number by itself increased by 1 , and annex 
1 

T6* 

8 . To square any number ending in three fourths. 

Rule. — Multiply the number by itself increased by 11, and 
annex t 9 q . 


SHORT METHODS 


237 


9. To square any number ending in one third. 

Rule. — Multiply the number by itself increased by f, and 
annex 

10. To square any number ending in two thirds. 

Rule. — Multiply the number by itself increased by 1^, and 
annex 

11. To multiply two numbers ending with the same fraction. 
Rule. — To the product of the whole numbers, add that fraction 

of their sum, and the square of the fraction. 

Thus 15f x 6f = 90 + 6 + -fo = 96^-. 

12. To square any mixed number. 

Rule. — Multiply the whole number by itself increased by twice 
the fraction, and add the square of the fraction. 


INTEREST 


1. The Thirty-six Per Cent Method. 

Rule. — Multiply the principal by the tune in days, move the 
decimal point three places to the left, and divide: 


If at 1 % by 36. 
If at 2 % by 18. 
If at 3% by 12. 
If at 4 % by 9. 
If at 5 % by 7.2. 
If at 6 % by 6. 


If at 7 % by 5.143. 
If at 8 % by 4.5. 

If at 9 % by 4. 

If at 10 % by 3.6. 

If at 11 % by 3.273. 
If at 12% by 3.' 


2. The Bankers’ Sixty-day Method. 

Rule. — ( a ) Moving the decimal point in the principal three 
places to the left gives the interest at d % for 6 days. 

Moving the decimal point in the principal two places to the left 
gives the interest at 6 % for 60 days. 

Moving the decimal point in the principal one place to the left 
gives the interest at 6 % for 600 days. 


238 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


Writing the principal for the interest gives the interest at 6 % 
for 6000 days. 

( [b ) The interest for any other time or rate can easily he found 
by using convenient multiples or aliquot parts. 

Thus Interest on $ 36 for 6 days at 6 % = $ .036. 

Interest on $ 36 for 60 days at 6 °/ 0 = $ .36. 

Interest on $36 for 600 days at 6 % = $ 3.60. 

Interest on $ 36 for 6000 days at 6 % = $ 36.00. 

Example. —Find the interest on $ 300 for 4 yr. 6 mo. 18 da. 
at 6 %. 

OPERATION 

$72.00 = interest for the number of years. 

$ 9.00 = interest for the number of months. 

$ .90 = interest for the number of days. 

$81.90 = the required interest. 

Explanation. — 6 % of $300 = $ 18, the interest for one year. 4 x $ 18 
= $72, the interest for 4 years. $3 = the interest for 2 months. 3 x $3 

= $9, the interest for 6 months. 3 x $ .30 = $ .90, the interest for 18 days. 

3. The Six Per Cent Method. 

Interest on $ 1 for 1 year = $ .06. 

Interest on $ 1 for 1 month = $ .001. 

Interest on $ 1 for 1 day = $ .000^-. 

Rule. —Multiply 6 cents by the number of years, i a cent by the 
number of months, i of a mill by the number of days, and multi¬ 
ply their sum by the principal. 

Example. — Find the interest on $ 400 at 6^ for 6 yr. 
4 mo. 12 da. 

OPERATION 

$ .36 = interest on $ 1 for number of years. 

.02 = interest on $ 1 for number of months. 

.002 = interest on $ 1 for number of days. 

$.382 = interest on $1 for the given time. 

400 


$152.80 = the required interest. 






SHORT METHODS 


239 


4. The Cancellation Method. 

(1) When the time is in years. 

Formula: 

Interest = Princi P al x Rate X Time 
100 

(2) When the time is in months. 

Formula: 

Interest = Principal x Rate x Time. 

100 x 12 

(3) When the time is in days. 

Formula: 

Interest = Principal x Rate x Time. 

100 x 360 

„ , , , , Principal x Rate x Time 

Exact Interest =- % x 365 -- 

OPERATION 

Example.— Find the interest $ vT , v 
on $600 at 12% for 1 year, interest. 

3 months, 12 days. 00 

5 

5. The New Cancellation Method. 

Rule. — Write the 'principal, time, and rate at the right of a 
vertical line; at the left of this line write a year in the same de¬ 
nomination in which the time is expressed. Cancel and reduce. 
The result will he the interest for the given time and rate. 

OPERATION 


Example.—Find the interest on 
3 yr. 4 mo. 12 da. at 6 °J 0 . 


1080 for 


Example.— Find the interest on $540 for 
2 yr. 4 mo. 12 da. at 10 %. 


n 

$ 90 

im 

40.4 

.06 

$218.16 = 

= interest. 

OPERATION 


6 


$ m 

i 

213 

m 

m 


.10 


$127.80 = interest. 











240 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


6. The Cancellation-Thirty-six Per Cent Method. 
Formula: 


Interest = 


.001 of Principal x Number of Days x Rate 

36 


This method is a combination of the Cancellation Method 
and Thirty-six Per Cent Method and should be very popular 
on account of its simplicity. 

OPERATION 

$ 568 

Example. —Find the interest '* , 

on $5112 at 4% for 100 days. — g — $56-80,interest. 

9 

7. The Twelve Per Cent Method. 

To find the interest for 1 month on any principal at 12 %, 
simply remove the decimal point two places to the left in the 
principal; in other words, divide the principal by 100. This 
gives the interest for 1 month at 12 

Rule. — Point off two places in the principal , and multiply by the 
time expressed in months and decimals , or fractions of a month. 


Example. —- What is the 
interest on $185 at 12 % 
for 3 months, 15 days ? 


OPERATION 


$1.85 — interest at 12% for 1 month. 

3| = time in months. 

$6.47 \ = interest for 3£ months, Ans. 


APPROXIMATE RESULTS 

In scientific investigations exact results are rarely possible, 
since the numbers used are obtained by observation or by 
experiments and are only approximate. There is a degree of 
accuracy beyond which it is impossible to go. 

The student should always bear in mind that it is a waste 
of time to carry out results to a greater degree of accu¬ 
racy than the data on which they are founded. Results 
beyond two or three decimal places are seldom desired in 
business. 





SHORT METHODS 


241 


I. Multiplication. 

Rule. — I. Write the terms of the multiplier in a reverse order, 
placing the units’ term under that term of the multiplicand which 
is of the lowest order in the required product. 

II. Multiply each term of the multiplicand by the multiplier, 
rejecting those terms that are on the right of the term used as a 
multiplier, increasing each partial product by as many units as 
ivould have been carried to it from the product of the rejected part 
of the multiplicand, and one more when the second term towards 
the right in the product of the rejected terms is 5 or more than 5; 
and place the right-hand terms of these partial products in the 
same column. 


III. Add the partial products, and point off in the sum the 
required number of decimal places. 

OPERATION 


Example.— Multiply 4.78567 
by 3.14159, correct to four 
decimal places. 


2. Division. 


4.78567 

95141.3 

14.3570 = 4.7856 x 3 + .0002. 
.4786 = 4.785 x .1 + .0001. 
.1914 = 4.78 x .04 + .0002. 
48 = 4.7 x .001 + .0001. 
24 = 4 x .0005 + .0004. 
4 = 0 + .00009 + .0004. 
15.0346 


Rule. — I. Compare the divisor with the dividend to ascertain 
the number of terms in the quotient. 

II. For the first contracted divisor, take as many terms of the 
divisor, beginning with the first significant term on the left, as 
there are terms in the quotient; and for each successive divisor, 
reject the right-hand term of the previous divisor, until all the 
terms of the divisor have been rejected. 

III. In multiplying by the several terms of the quotient, carry 
from the rejected terms of the divisor as in contracted multiplica¬ 
tion. 



242 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


OPERATION 

8.76347)35.765342(4.0811 

Example. — Divide 35.765342 
by 8.76347, correct to four deci¬ 
mal places. 


3. Square Root. 

Rule. — Find, as usual, more than one-half the terms of the 
root, and then divide the last remainder by the last divisor, using 
the contracted method. 


35 0539 = 4 x 87634 + 3 
7114 

7010 = 8 x 876 + 2 
104 

88 = 1 x 87 +1 
16 

9=lx8+l 

7 


Example. — Extract the square root of 10. 


61 


OPERATION 

10(3.16227766+ 

9 _ 

100 

61 


626 


3900 

3756 


6322 


14400 

12644 


63242 


175600 

126484 


632447 


4911600 

4427129 


6324547 


48447100 

44271829 


63245546 


417527100 

379473276 


632455526 


3805382400 

3794733156 


4. Cube Root. 


CONTRACTED METHOD 


10(3.16227766+ 

9 


61 


100 

61 


626 


3900 

3756 


6322 


14400 

12644 


63242 


175600 

126484 


49116 

44269 


4847 

4427 


420 

379 

~41 

38 


Rule. — Extract the cube root, as usual, until one more than 
half the terms required in the root have been found; then with 





























SHORT METHODS 


243 


the trial divisor and last remainder proceed, as in contracted 
division of decimals, to find the other terms of the root, dropping 
two figures instead of one from the divisor at each step, and one 
from each remainder. 

Example. — Extract the cube root of 2 to four decimal 

places. OPERATION 

2.000000 I 1.2599 
1 


300 

60 

4 

1000 

364 

728 

43200 

272000 

1800 


25 


45025 

225125 


Next trial divisor, 40$/^ j 4687 j? remainder. 

4219 = 9 x468 + 9 x75 
468 

42 = 4 x 9 + 6 
4 

5 . Extraction of Any Root. 

Rule. — Obtain one less than half of the figures required in the 
root as the rule directs; then, instead of annexing ciphers and 
bringing down a period to the last numbers in the columns, leave 
the remainder in the right-hand column for a dividend; cut off 
the right-hand figure from the last number of the q>revious column, 
two right-hand figures from the last number in the column before 
that, and so on, alivays cutting off one more figure for every col¬ 
umn to the left. 

With the number in the right-hand column and the one in the 
previous column, determine the next figure of the root, and use it 
as directed in the rule, recollecting that the figures cut off are not 
used except in carrying the tens they produce. 

This process is continued until the required number of figures 










244 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


is obtained, observing that when all the figures in the last number 
of any column are cut off, that column will be no longer used. 

Remark. — Add to the 1st column mentally ; multiply and add to the 
next column in one operation : multiply and subtract from the right-hand 
column in like manner. 

Example. —Extract the cube root of 44.6 to six decimals. 


* 

OPERATION 

0 

0 

4 4 . 6 0 0 (3 . 5 

3 

9 

1 7 6 0 0 

6 

2 7 0 0 

1725000 

90 

3 17 5 

238136 

9 5 

367500 

12 18 2 

10 0 

371716 

8 6 5 

1050 

3 7 5 9 4 $ 

111 

1054 

3 7 6 5 9 


10 5 8 

377?? 






Remark. — The trial divisors may be known by ending in two ciphers; 
the complete divisors stand just beneath them. After getting 3 figures of 
the root, contract the operation by last rule. 

— From Ray’s “ Higher Arithmetic.” 


MARKING GOODS 

To find the selling price of a single article at a certain per 
cent profit when the price per dozen and rate per cent gain are 
given. 

Thus, to make 5 per cent, multiply the cost per dozen by .08J. 


6 % multiply by .08f 
8 % multiply by .09 
10 % multiply by .09f 
121% multiply-by .09§ 
15 % multiply by .09^ 
20 % multiply by .10 
25 % multiply by .10^- 
30 % multiply by .10f 
33 1 % multiply by .Ilf 
35 % multiply by .11J 


40 % multiply by .Ilf 
45 % multiply by .12fj 
50 % multiply by .121 
55 % multiply by .12ff 
60 % multiply by .13f 
65 % multiply by .13f 
66f % multiply by .13f 
75 % multiply by .14^ 
80 % multiply by .15 
100 % multiply by .16f- 



QUOTATIONS ON MATHEMATICS 


“ Mathematics, the queen of the sciences.” — Gauss. 

“ Mathematics, the science of the ideal, becomes the means 
of investigating, understanding, and making known the world 
of the real.” — White. 

“ Mathematics is the glory of the human mind.” — Leibnitz. 

“ The two eyes of exact science are mathematics and logic.” — 
De Morgan. 

“ Mathematics is the science which draws necessary conclu¬ 
sions from given premises.” — Pierce. 

“ The advance and the perfecting of mathematics are closely 
joined to the prosperity of the nation.” — Napoleon. 

“ Geometry is the perfection of logic, and excels in training 
the mind to logical habits of thinking. In this respect it is 
superior to the study of logic itself, for it is logic embodied in 
the science of tangible form.” — Brooks. 

“God geometrizes continually,” was Plato’s reply when 
questioned as to the occupation of the Deity. 

“ There is no royal road to geometry.” — Euclid. 

“ Let no one who is unacquainted with geometry enter here,” 
was the inscription over the entrance into the academy of Plato 
the philosopher. 

“All scientific education which does not commence with 
mathematics is, of necessity, defective at its foundation.” — 
Comte. 

“ A natural science is a science only in so far as it is mathe¬ 
matical.” — Kant. 


245 


246 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


“ Mathematics is the language of definiteness, the necessary 
vocabulary of those who know.” — White. 

“ The laws of nature are but the mathematical thoughts of 
God.” — Kepler. 

“ Mathematics is the most marvelous instrument created by 
the genius of man for the discovery of truth.” — Laisant. 

“ Euclid has done more to develop the logical faculty of the 
world than any book ever written. It has been the inspiring 
influence of scientific thought for ages, and is one of the 
cornerstones of modern civilization.” — Brooks. 

«Mathematics is thinking God’s thought after Him. 
When anything is understood, it is found to be susceptible of 
mathematical statement. The vocabulary of mathematics is 
the ultimate vocabulary of the material universe.” — White. 

i( Geometry is regarded as the most perfect model of a de¬ 
ductive science, and is the type and model of all science.” 
Brooks’ “Mental Science.” 

“ I have always treated and considered puzzles from an edu¬ 
cational standpoint, for the reason that they constitute a species 
of mental gymnastics which sharpen the wits, clear fog and 
cobwebs from the brain, and school the mind to concentrate 
properly. Comparatively but few people know how to think 
properly. As a school for mechanical ingenuity, for stirring 
up the gray matter in the brain, puzzle practice stands unique 
and alone.” — Sam Loyd. 

“ Geometry not only gives mental power, but it is a test of 
mental power. The boy who cannot readily master his 
geometry will never attain to much in the domain of thought. 
He may have a fine poetic sense that will make a writer or an 
orator; but he can never reach any eminence in scientific 
thought or philosophic opinion. All the great geniuses in the 
realm of science, as far as, known, had fine mathematical 


QUOTATIONS ON MATHEMATICS 


247 


abilities. So valuable is geometry as a discipline that many 
lawyers and preachers review their geometry every year in 
order to keep the mind drilled to logical habits of thinking.” 
— Brooks’ “Mental Science.” 

“Mathematics is the very embodiment of truth. No true 
devotee of mathematics can be dishonest, untruthful, unjust. 
Because, working ever with that which is true, how can one 
develop in himself that which is exactly opposite ? It would 
be as though one who was always doing acts of kindness should 
develop a mean and groveling disposition. Mathematics, there¬ 
fore, has ethical value as well as educational value. Its prac¬ 
tical value is seen about us every day. To do away with every 
one of the many conveniences of this present civilization in 
which some mathematical principle is applied, would be to 
turn the finger of time back over the dial of the ages to the 
time when man dwelt in caves and crouched over the bodies 
of wild beasts.” — B. F. Finkel. 

“ As the drill will not penetrate the granite unless kept to 
the work hour after hour, so the mind will not penetrate the 
secrets of mathematics unless held long and vigorously to the 
work. As the sun’s rays burn only when concentrated, so the 
mind achieves mastery in mathematics, and indeed in every 
branch of knowledge, only when its possessor hurls all his 
forces upon it. Mathematics, like all the other sciences, opens 
its door to those only who knock long and hard. No more 
damaging evidence can be adduced to prove the weakness of 
character than for one to have aversion to mathematics; for 
whether one wishes so or not, it is nevertheless true, that to 
have aversion for mathematics means to have aversion to ac¬ 
curate, painstaking, and persistent hard study, and to have 
aversion to hard study is to fail to secure a liberal education, 
and thus fail to compete in that fierce and vigorous struggle 
for the highest and the truest and the best in life which only 
the strong can hope to secure.” — B. F. Finkel. 


248 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


“ Mathematics develops step by step, but its progress is 
steady and certain amid the continual fluctuations and mis¬ 
takes of the human mind. Clearness is its attribute, it combines 
disconnected facts and discovers the secret bond that unites 
them. When air and light and the vibratory phenomena of 
electricity and magnetism seem to elude us, when bodies are 
removed from us into the infinitude of space, when man wishes 
to behold the drama of the heavens that has been enacted cen¬ 
turies ago, when he wants to investigate the effects of gravity 
and heat in the deep, impenetrable interior of our earth, then 
he calls to his aid the help of mathematical analysis. Mathe¬ 
matics renders palpable the most intangible things, it binds the 
most fleeting phenomena, it calls down the bodies from the in¬ 
finitude of the heavens and opens up to us the interior of the 
earth. It seems a power of the human mind conferred upon 
us for the purpose of recompensing us for the imperfection of 
our senses and the shortness of our lives. Nay, what is still 
more wonderful, in the study of the most diverse phenomena 
it pursues one and the same method, it explains them all in 
the same language, as if it were to bear witness to the unity 
and simplicity of the plan of the universe.”— Fourier. 

“ The practical applications of mathematics have in all ages 
redounded to the highest happiness of the human race. It 
rears magnificent temples and edifices, it bridges our streams 
and rivers, it sends the railroad car with the speed of the wind 
across the continent; it builds beautiful ships that sail on 
every sea; it has constructed telegraph and telephone lines and 
made a messenger of something known to mathematics alone 
that bears messages of love and peace around the globe; and 
by these marvelous achievements, it has bound all the nations 
of the earth in one common brotherhood of man.” 

— B. F. Finkel. 

“ Mathematics is the indispensible instrument of all physical 
research.”— Berthelot. 


QUOTATIONS ON MATHEMATICS 


249 


“ It is in mathematics we ought to learn the general method 
always followed by the human mind in its positive researches.” 

— Comte. 

“ All my physics is nothing else than geometry.” 

— Descartes. 

“ If the Greeks had not cultivated conic sections, Kepler 
could not have superseded Ptolemy.” — Whewell. 

“ There is nothing so prolific in utilities as abstractions.” 

— Faraday. 

“I am sure that no subject loses more than mathematics by 
any attempt to dissociate it from its history.” — Glaisher. 

“The history of mathematics is one of the large windows 
through which the philosophic eye looks into past ages and 
traces the line of intellectual development.” — Cajori. 

“ If we compare a mathematical problem with a huge rock, 
into the interior of which we desire to penetrate, then the 
work of the Greek mathematicians appears to us like that of 
a vigorous stonecutter who, with chisel and hammer, begins 
with indefatigable perseverance, from without, to crumble the 
rock slowly into fragments; the modern mathematician ap¬ 
pears like an excellent miner who first bores through the rock 
some few passages, from which he then bursts it into pieces 
with one powerful blast, and brings to light the treasures 
within.” — Hankel. 

“The world of ideas which mathematics discloses or illu¬ 
minates, the contemplation of divine beauty and order which 
it induces, the harmonious connection of its parts, the infinite 
hierarchy and absolute evidence of truths with which mathe¬ 
matical science is concerned, these, and such like, are the 
surest grounds of its title to human regard.” — Sylvester. 

“ I often find the conviction forced upon me that the increase 
of mathematical knowledge is a necessary condition for the 
advancement of science, and if so, a no less necessary condition 


250 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


for the improvement of mankind. I could not augur well for 
the enduring intellectual strength of any nation of men, whose 
education was not based on a solid foundation of mathematical 
learning and whose scientific conception, or in other words, 
whose notions of the world and of things in it, were not braced 
and girt together with a strong framework of mathematical 
reasoning.” — H. J. Stephen Smith. 

“ If the eternal and inviolable correctness of its truths lends 
to mathematical research, and therefore also to mathematical 
knowledge, a conservative character on the other hand, by the 
continuous outgrowth of new truths and methods from the 
old, progressiveness is also one of its characteristics. In mar¬ 
velous profusion old knowledge is augmented by new, which 
has the old as its necessary condition, and, therefore, could not 
have arisen had not the old preceded it. The indestructibility 
of the edifice of mathematics renders it possible that the work 
can be carried to ever loftier and loftier heights without fear 
that the highest stories shall be less solid and safe than the 
foundations, which are the axioms, or the lower stories, which 
are the elementary propositions. But it is necessary for this 
that all the stones should be properly fitted together , and it 
would be idle labor to attempt to lay a stone that belonged 
above in a place below.” — Schubert. 

“ As the sun eclipses the stars by his brilliancy, so the man 
of knowledge will eclipse the fame of others in assemblies of 
the people if he proposes algebraic problems, and still more if 
he solves them.” — Brahmagupta. 

“ Mathematical reasoning may be employed in the inductive 
sciences; indeed some of their greatest achievements have been 
obtained through mathematics. By it Newton demonstrated 
the truth of the theory of gravitation; by it Leverrier dis¬ 
covered a new planet in the heavens; by it the exact time of 
an eclipse of the sun or moon is predicted centuries before it 
comes to pass. Mathematics is the instrument by which the 




QUOTATIONS ON MATHEMATICS 


251 


engineer tunnels our mountains, bridges our rivers, constructs 
our aqueducts, erects our factories and makes them musical 
with the busy hum of spindles. Take away the results of the 
reasoning of mathematics, and there would go with it nearly 
all the material achievements which give convenience and 
glory to modern civilization.” — Brooks’ “ Mental Science and 
Culture.” 

“ The science of geometry came from the Greek mind almost 
as perfect as Minerva from the head of Jove. Beginning with 
definite ideas and self-evident truths, it traces its way, by the 
processes of deduction, to the profoundest theorem. For clear¬ 
ness of thought, closeness of reasoning, and exactness of truths, 
it is a model of excellence and beauty. It stands as a type of 
all that is best in the classical culture of the thoughtful mind 
of Greece. Geometry is the perfection of logic; Euclid is as 
classic as Homer.” — Brooks’ “ Philosophy of Arithmetic.” 

“ Only a limited number of people are capable of appreciat¬ 
ing the beauties of this oldest of all sciences.” — Locke. 

<e The value of mathematical instruction as a preparation for 
those more difficult investigations consists in the applicability, 
not of its doctrines, but of its methods. Mathematics will 
ever remain the past-perfect type of the deductive method in 
general; and the applications of mathematics to the simpler 
branches of physics furnish the only school in which philoso¬ 
phers can effectually learn the most difficult and important 
portion of their art, the employment of the laws of simpler 
phenomena for explaining and predicting those of the more 
complex. These grounds are quite sufficient for deeming mathe¬ 
matical training an indispensable basis of real scientific educa¬ 
tion, and regarding, with Plato, one who is ay eu/jLzrprjTos, as 
wanting in one of the most essential qualifications for the suc¬ 
cessful cultivation of the higher branches of philosophy.” — 
From J. S. Mill’s “ Systems of Logic.” 


252 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


“Hold nothing as certain save what can be demonstrated.” 
— Newton. 

“ To measure is to know.” — Kepler. 

“It may seem strange that geometry is unable to define the 
terms which it uses most frequently, since it defines neither 
movement, nor number, nor space — the three things with which 
it is chiefly concerned. But we shall not be surprised if we 
stop to consider that this admirable science concerns only the 
most simple things, and the very quality that renders these 
things worthy of study renders them incapable of being de¬ 
fined. Thus the very lack of definition is rather an evidence 
of perfection than a defect, since it comes not from the ob¬ 
scurity of the terms, but from the fact that they are so very 
well known.” — Pascal. 

“ The method of making no mistake is sought by every one. 
The logicians profess to show the way, but the geometers alone 
ever reach it, and aside from their science there is no genuine 
demonstration.” — Pascal. 

“We may look upon geometry as a practical logic, for the 
truths which it studies, being the most simple and most clearly 
understood of all truths, are on this account the most suscepti¬ 
ble of ready application in reasoning.” — D’Alembert. 

“ Without mathematics no one can fathom the depths of 
philosophy. Without philosophy no one can fathom the depths 
of mathematics. Without the two no one can fathom the 
depths of anything.” — Bordas Demoulin. 

“The taste for exactness, the impossibility of contenting 
one’s self with vague notions or of leaning upon mere hypoth¬ 
eses, the necessity for perceiving clearly the connection between 
certain propositions and the object in view,—these are the 
most precious fruits of the study of mathematics.” — Lacroix. 

“ God is a circle of which the center is everywhere and the 
circumference nowhere.” — Rabelais. 


QUOTATIONS ON MATHEMATICS 


253 


“The sailor whom an exact observation of longitude saves 
from shipwreck owes his life to a theory developed two thou¬ 
sand years ago by men who had in mind merely the specula¬ 
tions of abstract geometry.” — Condorcet. 

“ The statement that a given individual has received a sound 
geometrical training implies that he has segregated from the 
whole of his sense impressions a certain set of these impres¬ 
sions, that he has then eliminated from their consideration all 
irrelevant impressions (in other words, acquired a subjective 
command of these impressions), that he has developed on the 
basis of these impressions an ordered and continuous system 
of logical deduction, and finally that he is capable of express¬ 
ing the nature of these impressions and his deductions there¬ 
from in terms simple and free from ambiguity. Now the 
slightest consideration will convince any one not already conver¬ 
sant with the idea, that the same sequence of mental processes 
underlies the whole career of any individual in any walk of 
life if only he is not concerned entirely with manual labor; 
consequently a full training in the performance of such se¬ 
quences must be regarded as forming an essential part of any 
education worthy of the name. Moreover, the full apprecia¬ 
tion of such processes has a higher value than is contained in 
the mental training involved, great though this be, for it in¬ 
duces an appreciation of intellectual unity and beauty which 
plays for the mind that part which the appreciation of schemes 
of shape and color plays for the artistic faculties; or, again, 
that part which the appreciation of a body of religious doctrine 
plays for the ethical aspirations. Now geometry is not the 
sole possible basis for inculcating this appreciation. Logic is 
an alternative for adults, provided that the individual is pos¬ 
sessed of sufficient wide, though rough, experience on which to 
base his reasoning. Geometry is, however, highly desirable 
in that the objective bases are so simple and precise that they 
can be grasped at an early age, that the amount of training foi 


254 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


the imagination is very large, that the deductive processes are 
not beyond the scope of ordinary boys, and finally that it 
affords a better basis for exercise in the art of simple and exact 
expression than any other possible subject of a school course.” 
— Carson. 

“ Geometry is a mountain. Vigor is needed for its ascent. 
The views all along the paths are magnificent. The effort of 
climbing is stimulating. A guide who points out the beauties, 
the grandeur, and the special places of interest, commands the 
admiration of his group of pilgrims.” — David Eugene Smith. 

“ If mathematical heights are hard to climb, the fundamental 
principles lie at every threshold, and this fact allows them 
to be comprehended by that common sense which Descartes 
declared was ‘ apportioned equally among all men.’ ” — Collet. 

“ The wonderful progress made in every phase of life during 
the last hundred years has been possible only through the 
increasing use of symbols. To-day, only the common laborer 
works entirely with the actual things. Those who occupy more 
remunerative positions in the business world work very largely 
with symbols, and in the professional world the possession of 
and ability to use a set of symbols is a prerequisite of even 
moderate success. The work of a man’s hands remains after 
the worker has gone, but the products of mental labor are lost 
unless they are preserved to the world through some symbolic 
medium. It may be said without fear of successful contradic¬ 
tion that the language of mathematics is the most widely used 
of any symbolism. The man who has command of it possesses 
a clear, concise, and universal language. Fallacies in reason¬ 
ing and discrepancies in conclusions are easily detected when 
ideas are expressed in this language. The most abstruse prob¬ 
lem is immediately clarified when translated into mathematics. 
To quote from M. Berthelot, ‘ Mathematics excites to a high 
degree the conceptions of signs and symbols — necessary in- 


QUOTATIONS ON MATHEMATICS 


255 


struments to extend the power and reach of the human mind 
by summarizing. Mathematics is the indispensable instrument 
of all physical research.’ But not only physical but all scien¬ 
tific research must avail itself of this same instrument. In¬ 
deed, so completely is nature mathematical that to him who 
would know nature there is no recourse but to be conversant 
with the language of mathematics.” — Carpenter. 

No less an astronomer than J. Herschel has said of as¬ 
tronomy : “ Admission to its sanctuary and to the privileges 
and feelings of a votary is only to be gained by one means — 
sound and sufficient knowledge of mathematics, the great in¬ 
strument of all exact inquiry, without which no man can ever 
make such advances in this or any other of the higher depart¬ 
ments of science as can entitle him to form an independent 
opinion on any subject of discussion within their range.” 

“It is only through mathematics that we can thoroughly 
understand what true science is. Here alone can we find in 
the highest degree simplicity and severity of scientific law, 
and such abstraction as the human mind can attain. Any sci¬ 
entific education setting forth from any other point is faulty 
in its basis.” — Comte. 

“ The enemies of geometry, those who know it only imper¬ 
fectly, look upon the theoretical problems, which constitute 
the most difficult part of the subject, as mental games which 
consume time and energy that might better be employed in 
other ways. Such a belief is false, and it would block the 
progress of science if it were credible. But aside from the 
fact that the speculative problems, which at first sight seem 
barren, can often be applied to useful purposes, they always 
stand as among the best means to develop and to express all 
the forces of the human intelligence.” — Abbe Bossut. 

“ We study music because music gives us pleasure, not neces¬ 
sarily our own music, but good music, whether ours, or, as is 


256 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


more probable, that of others. We study literature because 
we derive pleasure from books; the better the book, the more 
subtle and lasting the pleasure. We study art because we re¬ 
ceive pleasure from the great works of the masters, and prob¬ 
ably we appreciate them the more because we have dabbled a 
little in pigments or in clay. We do not expect to be com¬ 
posers, or poets, or sculptors, but we wish to appreciate music 
and letters and the fine arts, and to derive pleasure from them 
and to be uplifted by them. At any rate these are the nobler 
reasons for their study. 

“So it is with geometry. We study it because we derive 
pleasure from contact with a great and an ancient body of 
learning that has occupied the attention of master minds dur¬ 
ing the thousands of years in which it has been perfected, and 
we are uplifted by it. To deny that our pupils derive this 
pleasure from the study is to confess ourselves poor teachers, 
for most pupils do have positive enjoyment in the pursuit of 
geometry, in spite of the tradition that leads them to proclaim 
a general dislike for all study. This enjoyment is partly that 
of the game, — the playing of a game that can always be won, 
but that cannot be won too easily. It is partly that of the aes¬ 
thetic, the pleasure of symmetry of form, the delight of fitting 
things together. But probably it lies chiefly in the mental up¬ 
lift that geometry brings, the contact with absolute truth, and 
the approach that one makes to the Infinite. We are not 
quite sure of any one thing in biology; our knowledge of ge¬ 
ology is relatively very slight, and the economic laws of society 
are uncertain to every one except some individual who at¬ 
tempts to set them forth; but before the world was fashioned 
the square on the hypotenuse was equal to the sum of the 
squares on the other two sides of a right triangle, and it will 
be so after this world is dead; and the inhabitant of Mars, if 
he exists, probably knows its truth as we know it. The uplift 
of this contact with absolute truth, with truth eternal, gives 
pleasure to humanity to a greater or less degree, depending 


QUOTATIONS ON MATHEMATICS 


257 


upon the mental equipment of the particular individual; hut 
it probably gives an appreciable amount of pleasure to every 
student of geometry who has a teacher worthy of the name.” 
— From “ The Teaching of Geometry/’ by David Eugene 
Smith. 

Mathematics has not only commercial value, but also educa¬ 
tional, rhetorical, and ethical value. No other science offers 
such a rich opportunity for original investigation and dis¬ 
covery. While it should be studied because of its practical 
worth, which can be seen about us every day, the primary 
object in its study should be to obtain mental power, to 
sharpen and strengthen the powers of thought, to give pen¬ 
etrating power to the mind which enables it to pierce a subject 
to its core and discover its elements; to develop the power to 
express one’s thoughts in a forcible and logical manner; to 
develop the memory and the imagination; to cultivate a taste 
for neatness and a love for the good, the beautiful, and the 
true; and to become more like the greatest of mathematicians, 
the Mathematician of the Universe. 

“ What science can there be more noble, more excellent, more 
useful for men, more admirably high and demonstrative, than 
this of the mathematics? ” — Benjamin Franklin. 

“ There is no science which teaches the harmonies of nature 
more clearly than mathematics.” —Paul Carus. 

“ Mathematics is the life supreme. The life of the gods is 
mathematics. All divine messengers are mathematicians. 
Pure mathematics is religion. Its attainment requires a 
theophany.” — Novalis. 

“ There is no prophet which preaches the superpersonal God 
more plainly than mathematics.” — Paul Carus. 

Mathematics must subdue the flights of our reason; they 
are the staff of the blind; no one can take a step without 
them; and to them and experience is due all that is certain in 
physics.” — Voltaire. 


MENSURATION 


Mensuration is that branch of mathematics which treats of 
the measurement of geometrical magnitudes. 

Annulus, or Circular Ring 

An annulus is the figure included between two'concentric 
circumferences. 

(1) To find the area of an annulus. 

Rule. — Multiply the sum of the two radii by their difference, 
and the product by ir. 

Formula. — A = (r x + r 2 ) (r x — r 2 ) ir. 

(2) To find the area of a sector of an annulus. 

Rule. — Multiply the sum of the bounding arcs by half the 
difference of their radii. 

Belts 

Length of belts. 

(a) For a crossed belt, 

2rin-a±3), 

(b) For an uncrossed belt, 

L = 2V|c 2 — Oi -r 2 y\ 4 - 7 r(n + r 2 ) + 2{r x - r 2 ) sin - 1 J? , 

where r x is the greater radius and r 2 the less, and c the distance 
between the parallel axes. 


i = 2Vc 2 -(r 1 - r 2 )' 2 + (r x — r 2 ) ^7 


258 







MENSURATION 


259 


Bins, Cisterns, Etc. 

(1) To find the exact capacity of a bin in bushels. 

Rule. — Multiply the contents in cubic feet by .8035, or (1728 -s- 
2150.1$); the product will represent the number of bushels of 
grain, etc. Four fifths of this number of bushels is the number 
of bushels of coal, apples, potatoes, etc., that the bin will hold. 

(2) To find the approximate capacity of a bin in bushels. 

Rule. — Any number of cubic feet diminished by -I will represent 

an equivalent number of bushels. 

(3) To find the contents of a cistern, vessel, or space in 
gallons. 

Rule. — Divide the contents in cubic inches by 231 for liquid 
gallons , or by 268.8 for dry gallons. 

Brick and Stone Work 

Stonework is commonly estimated by the perch; brickwork 
by the thousand bricks. 

(1) In estimating the work of laying stone, take the entire 
outside length in feet, thus measuring the corners twice, times 
the height in feet, times the thickness in feet, and divide by 
24f, to obtain the number of perches. No allowance is to be 
made for openings in the walls unless specified in a written 
contract. 

(2) In estimating the material in stonework, deduct for all 
openings and divide the exact number of cubic feet of wall by 
24|, to obtain the number of perches of material. 

To obtain the number of perches of stone, deduct ^ for mor¬ 
tar and filling. 

(3) In estimating the work of laying common bricks (com¬ 
mon bricks are 8 inches x 4 inches x 2 inches and 22 are as¬ 
sumed to build 1 cubic foot), take the entire outside length in 
feet, thus measuring the corners twice, times the height in feet, 
times the thickness in feet, and multiply by .022, to obtain the 


260 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


number of thousand bricks. No allowance is to be made for 
openings in the walls unless specified in a written contract. 

(4) In estimating the material in brickwork, deduct for all 
openings and multiply the exact number of cubic feet of wall 
by 22, to obtain the number of brick required. 


Carpeting 

Carpets are usually either 1 yard or f yard in width. 

The amount of carpet that must be bought for a room de¬ 
pends upon the length and number of strips, and the waste in 
matching the patterns. 

(1) To obtain the number of strips. 

A fraction of a strip cannot be bought. Thus, if the num¬ 
ber of strips is found to be 6^, make it 7. 

(a) When laid lengthwise. — Divide the width of the room 
in yards by the width of the carpet in yards. 

( p ) When laid crosswise. — Divide the length of the room 
in yards by the width of the carpet in yards. 

(2) To obtain the number of yards of carpet needed to car¬ 
pet a room. 

Rule. — Multiply the length of a strip in yards (-\-the fraction 
of a yard allowed for waste , when considered) by the number of 
strips. 

Casks and Barrels 

To find the contents in gallons. 

Rule. —Add to the head diameter ( inside ) two thirds of the 
difference between the head and bung diameters; but if the staves 
are only slightly curved , add six tenths of this difference; this 
gives the mean diameter ; express it in inches , square it , m ultiply 
it by the length in inches and this product by .003J/.: the product 
will be the contents in liquid gallons. 


MENSURATION 


261 


Circle 

A circle is a portion of a plane bounded by a curved line 
every point of which is equally distant from a point within 
called the center. 

(1) Formulae.— 

Area = nr 2 , or \ ncl 2 . 

Area = d? x .7854, or circumference 2 x .07958. 

Circumference = diameter x 3.1416. 

Circumference = radius x 6.2832. 

Diameter = circumference x .31831. 

Diameter = circumference -f- n. 

Radius = circumference x .159155. 

Radius = .56419 x Varea. 

Side of inscribed square = dx .707107. 

Side of inscribed square = circumference x .22508. 

Area of inscribed square = i d 2 . 

Side of an equal square = circumference X .282. 

A rea of an equal square = -J d 2 . 

Side of inscribed equilateral triangle = d x .86. 

(2) Given the area inclosed by three equal circles, to find 
the diameter of a circle that will just inclose the three equal 
circles. 

Rule. — Divide the given area by .031/73265, extract the square 
root of the quotient, and multiply by 2, and the result will be the 
diameter required. 

Formula. — Diameter = 2- /—- 

\.03473265 

(3) To find the diameter of the three largest equal circles 
that can be inscribed in a circle of a given diameter. 

Rule. — Multiply the given diameter by .^6^1, or divide by 
2.1557 , and the result will be the required diameter. 

Formula. — d = .4641 X D, or —*. 

2.15o* 




262 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


(4) Given the radius a , b, c, of the three circles tangent to 
each other, to find the radius of a circle tangent to the three 
circles. 

Formula. — r or r 1 = — a ^ ~ -—, the 

2 V[«6c (a + b + c)] =F (ffb + ac + be). 

minus sign giving the radius of a tangent circle circumscribing 
the three given circles, and the plus sign giving the radius of a 
tangent circle inclosed by the three given circles. 

— From “ The School Visitor.” 

(5) Given the chord of an arc and the radius of the circle, 
to find the chord of half the arc. 

Formula. — k = V2 r 2 — rV4 r l — c 2 , where r — radius and c = 
the given chord. 

(6) Given the chord of an arc and the radius of the circle, 
to find the height of the arc. 

Rule. —From the radius , subtract the square root of the differ¬ 
ence of the squares of the radius and half the chord . 

Formula. — h = r — Vr 2 — \ c 2 , where r — radius and c = the 
given chord. 

(7) Given the height of an arc and a chord of half the arc, 
to find the diameter of the circle. 

Rule. — Divide the square of the chord of half the arc by the 
height of the chord. 

Formula.—d = c 2 -r-/i, where c = chord of half the arc and 
li = height. 

(8) Given a chord and height of the arc, to find the chord 
of half the arc. 

Rule. — Extract the square root of the sum of the squares of 
the height of the arc and half the chord. 

Formula. — k = V/i 2 + \ c 2 , where h = height and c = the 
given chord. 








MENSURATION 


263 


(9) Given the radius of a circle and a side of an inscribed 
polygon, to find the side of a similar circumscribed polygon. 

Formula. — s'= — .~ sr . . where s'= the side required and 
V4r 2 -s 2 

s = the side of the inscribed polygon. 

Cone 

A cone is a solid bounded by a conical surface and a plane. 

(1) To find the lateral area of a right circular cone. 

Rule. — Multiply the circumference of its base by half the slant 
height. 

Formula. — Lateral area = 7r rh, where r = the radius of the 
base and h = the slant height. 

(2) To find the volume of any cone. 

Rule. — Multiply the base by one third the altitude . 

Formula. — V— ^ aB. 

Formula, when base is a circle. — F= \ arV, where a = alti¬ 
tude, B = base, and r = radius of the base. 

Crescent 

A crescent is a portion of a plane included between the cor¬ 
responding arcs of two intersecting circles, and is the difference 
between two segments having a common chord, and on the 
same side of it. 

Cube or Hexahedron 

Diagonal = V3 x edge 2 , or Varea-s-2. 

Diagonal = edge x 1.7320508. 

Surface =6x edge 2 , or 2 X diagonal 2 . 

Volume =edge 3 . 

Cycloid 

A cycloid is the curve generated by a point in the circum¬ 
ference of a circle which rolls on a straight line. 






264 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


(1) To find the length of a cycloid. 

Rule. — Multiply the diameter of the generating circle by J/.. 

(2) To find the area of a cycloid. 

Rule. — Multiply the area of the generating circle by 3. 

(3) To find the surface generated by the revolution of a 
cycloid about its base. 

Rule. — Multiply the area of the generating circle by 

(4) To find the volume of the solid formed by revolving the 
cycloid about its base. 

Rule. — Multiply the cube of the radius of the generating circle 
by 5 t r 2 . 

(5) To find the surface generated by revolving the cycloid 
about its axis. 

Rule. —Multiply eight times the area of the generating circle by 
7r minus ^. 

(6) To find the volume of the solid formed by revolving the 
cycloid about its axis. 

Rule. — Multiply f of the volume of a sphere whose radius is 
that of the generating circle by f tt — f. 

(7) To find the surface formed by revolving the cycloid 
about a tangent at the vertex. 

Rule. — Multiply the area of the generating circle by - 3 ^. 

(8) To find the volume formed by revolving a cycloid about 
a tangent at the vertex. 

Rule. — Multiply the cube of the radius of the generating circle 
by 7 ir 2 . 

Cylinder 

A cylinder is a solid bounded by a cylindric surface and two 
parallel planes. 

(1) To find the lateral area of a right circular cylinder. 

Rule. — Multiply its length by the circumference of its base. 



MENSURATION 


265 


(2) To find the volume of any cylinder. 

Rule. — Multiply the altitude of the cylinder by the area of its 
base. 

Formula. — V= a x B. 

Formula when base is a circle. — F= airr 2 . 

(3) lo find the surface common to two equal circular cylin¬ 
ders whose axes intersect at right angles. 

Rule. — Multiply the square of the radius of the intersecting 
cylinders by 16. 

(4) To find the volume common to two equal circular cylin¬ 
ders whose axes intersect at right angles. 

Rule. — Multiply the cube of the radius of the intersecting cylin¬ 
ders by 5J. 

(5) To find the length of the maximum cylinder inscribed 
in a cube, the axis of the cylinder coinciding with the diagonal 
of the cube. 

Formula. — Length = iaV3, where a is the edge of the 
cube. 

(6) To find the volume of the maximum cylinder inscribed 
in a cube, the axis of the cylinder coinciding with the diagonal 
of the cube. 

Formula.— V = -rra 3 V3, where a is the edge of the cube. 

Density of a Body 

The density of any substance is the number of times the 
weight of the substance contains the weight of an equal bulk 
of water. 

To find the density of a body. 

Rule. — Divide the weight in grams by the bulk in cubic cen¬ 
timeters. 


266 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


Dodecaedron 
A dodecaedron is a polyedron of twelve faces. 

(1) To find the area of a regular dodecaedron. 
Rule. — Multiply the square of an edge by 20.61/.573. 

(2) To find the volume of a regular dodecaedron. 
Rule. — Multiply the cube of an edge by 7.66312. 


Ellipse 

An ellipse is a plane curve of such a form that if from any 
point in it two straight lines be drawn to two given fixed points, 
the sum of these straight lines will always be the same. 

(1) To find the circumference of an ellipse, the transverse 
and conjugate diameters being known. 

Rule. — Multiply the square root of half the sum of the squares 
of the two diameters by 3.11/.1592. 

(2) To find the area of an ellipse, the transverse and con¬ 
jugate diameters being given. 

Rule. — Multiply the product of the diameters by .785398. 

Frustum of a Cone or Pyramid 

A frustum of a cone or pyramid is the portion included be¬ 
tween the base and a parallel section. 

(1) To find the lateral surface. 

Rule. — Multiply the sum of the perimeters, or circumferences , 
by one half the slant height. 

(2) To find the entire surface. 

Rule. — Add to the lateral surface the areas of both ends, or bases. 

(3) To find the volume of a frustum of a cone or pyramid. 

Rule, — To the sum of the areas of both bases add the square 

root of the product, and multiply this sum by one third of the 
altitude. 



MENSURATION 


267 


Grain and Hay 

(1) To find the quantity of grain in a bin. 

Rule. — Multiply the contents in cubic feet by .8035, and the 
result will be the contents in bushels. 

(2) To find the quantity of com in a wagon bed or in a bin. 

Rule. — (1) For shelled corn, multiply the contents in cubic feet 

by .8035, and the result will be the contents in bushels. Rule. — (2) 
For corn on the cob, deduct one half for cob. Rule. — (3) For corn 
not “ shucked,” deduct two thirds for cob and shuck. 

(3) To find the quantity of hay in a stack or rick. 

Rule. — Divide the contents in cubic feet by 550 for clover or by 
450 for timothy; the quotient will be the number of tons. 

(4) In well-settled stacks 15 cubic yards make one ton. 

(5) When hay is baled, 10 cubic yards make one ton. 

Hexaedron 

(See Cube.) 

Hyperbola 

A hyperbola is a section formed by passing a plane through 
a cone in a direction to make an angle at the base greater than 
that made by the slant height. 

To find the area of a hyperbola, the transverse and conjugate 
axes and abscissa being given. 

Rule. — (1) To the product of the transverse diameter and 
abscissa add of the square of the abscissa, and multiply the 
square root of the sum by 21. 

(2) Add 4 times the square root of the product of the trans¬ 
verse diameter and abscissa to the product last found, and divide 
the sum by 75. 

(3) Divide 4 times the product of the conjugate diameter a7id 
abscissa by the transverse diameter, and this last quotient multi¬ 
plied by the former will give the area required, nearly . 


268 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


ICOSAEDRON 

An icosaedron is a polyedron of twenty faces. 

(1) To find the area of a regular icosaedron. 

Rule. — Multiply the square of an edge by 8.66025 . 

(2) To find the volume of a regular icosaedron. 

Rule. — Multiply the cube of an edge by 2.18169 . 

Irregular Polyedron 

To find the volume of any irregular polyedron. 

Rule. _ Cut the polyedron into prismatoids by passing parallel 
planes through all its summits. 

Irregular Solids 

To find the volume of any irregular solid. 

Rule. — Immerse the solid in a vessel of water and determine the 
quantity of water displaced. 

Logs 

(1) To find the side of the squared timber that can be sawed 
from a log. 

Rule. — Multiply the diameter of the smaller end by .707. 

(2) To find the number of board feet in the squared timber 
that can be sawed from a log. 

Rule. — Multiply together one half the length in feet, the diameter 
of the smaller end in feet , and the diameter of the smaller end in 
inches. 

Problem. — Find the side, and the number of board feet, in 
the squared timber that can be sawed from a log whose length 
is 16 feet, and diameter of the smallest end 15 inches. 

Solution. — By (1) the side is 15 inches x .707, or 10.605 inches. 

By (2) the number of the board feet is J 2 6 - x X 15 = 150, Ans. 


MENSURATION 


269 


Lumber 

When boards are 1 inch thick or less, they are estimated by 
the square foot of surface, the thickness not being considered. 

Thus a board 10 feet long, 1 foot wide, and 1 inch (or less) 
thick contains 10 square feet. 

Hence, to find the number of board feet in a plank. 

Rule. — Multiply the length in feet by the width in feet by the 
thickness in inches. 

Note. —The average width of a board that tapers uniformly is one 
half the sum of the end widths. 


Lune 

A lune is that portion of a sphere comprised between two 
great semicircles. 

To find the area of a lune. 

Rule. — Multiply its angle in radians by twice the square 
of the radius. 

OCTAEDRON 

An octaedron is a polyedron of eight faces. 

(1) To find the area of a regular octaedron. 

Rule. — Multiply the square of an edge by 3.46^1. 

(2) To find the volume of a regular octaedron. 

Rule. — Multiply the cube of an edge by .JfflJf.. 

Painting and Plastering 

Painting and plastering are usually estimated by the square 
yard. The processes of calculating the cost of painting and 
plastering vary so much in different localities that it is impos¬ 
sible to lay down any rule. Usually some allowance is made 
for doors, windows, etc., but there is no fixed rule as to how 
much should be deducted. Sometimes one half the area of the 
openings is deducted. 


270 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


Papering 

Wall paper is sold only by the roll, and any part of a roll is 
considered a whole roll. 

The amount of wall paper required to paper a room depends 
upon the area of the walls and ceiling and the waste in matching. 

(1) American paper is commonly 18 inches wide, and has 8 
yards in a single roll, and 16 yards in a double roll. Foreign 
papers vary in width and length to the roll. 

(2) Wall paper is usually put up in double rolls, but the 
prices quoted are for single rolls. 

(3) Borders and friezes are sold by the yard and vary in 
width. 

(4) The area of a single roll is 36 square feet, and allowing 
for all waste in matching, etc., will cover 30 square feet of wall. 

(5) There is no fixed rule as to how much should be deducted 
for doors and windows. Some dealers deduct the exact area of 
the openings, while others deduct an approximate area, allowing 
20 square feet for each. 

(6) The number of single rolls required for the ceiling and 
for the walls must be estimated separately. 

(7) To obtain the number of single rolls required for the 
ceiling. 

Rule. — Divide its area in square feet by 30. 

(8) To obtain the number of single rolls required for the 
walls. 

Rule. — From the area of the walls in square feet deduct the 
area of the openings, and divide by 30. 

Parabola 

A parabola is the locus of a point whose distance from a 
fixed point is always equal to its distance from a fixed straight 
line. 


MENSURATION 


271 


(1) To find the length of any arc of a parabola cut off by a 
double ordinate. 

Rule. — When the abscissa is less than half the ordinate: To 
the square of the ordinate add | of the square of the abscissa, and 
twice the square root of the sum will be the length of the arc. 

(2) To find the area of the parabola, the base and height 
being given. 

Rule. — Multiply the base by the height, and f of the product 
will be the area. 

(3) To find the area of a parabolic frustum, having given 
the double ordinates of its ends and the distance between them. 

Rule. — Divide the difference of the cubes of the two ends by the 
difference of their squares and multiply the quotient by -J of the 
altitude. 

Parallelogram 

A parallelogram is a quadrilateral whose opposite sides are 
parallel. 

To find the area of any parallelogram. 

Rule. — Multiply the base by the altitude. 

Parallelopiped 

A parallelopiped is a prism whose bases are parallelograms. 

To find the volume of any parallelopiped. 

Rule. — Multiply its altitude by the area of its base. 

Prism 

A prism is a polyedron whose ends are equal and parallel 
polygons, and its sides parallelograms. 

(1) To find the lateral area of a prism. 

Rule. — Multiply a lateral edge by the perimeter of a right sec¬ 
tion. 


272 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


(2) To find the volume of any prism. 

Rule. — Multiply the area of the base by its altitude. 

Prismatoid 

A prismatoid is a polyedron whose bases are any two poly¬ 
gons in parallel planes, and whose lateral forces are triangles 
determined by so joining the vertices of these bases that each 
lateral edge with the preceding forms a triangle with one side 
of either base. 

(1) To find the volume of any prismatoid. 

Rule. — Add the areas of the two bases and four times the mid 
cross section; multiply this sum by one sixth the altitude. 

Old Prismoidal Formula.— 

(-Si + 4 M 4--S 2 ). 

(2) To find the volume of a prismatoid, or of any solid whose 
section gives a quadratic. 

Rule. —• Multiply one fourth its altitude by the sum of one base 
and three times a section distant from that base two thirds the 
altitude. 

New Prismoidal Formula.— 

V=^(B + 3 T ). 

— From Halsted’s “Metrical Geometry.” 
Pyramid 

A pyramid is a polyedron of which all the faces except one 
meet in a point. 

(1) To find the lateral area of a regular pyramid. 

Rule.— Multiply the perimeter of the base by half the slant 
height. 

(2) To find the volume of any pyramid. 

Rule. — Multiply the area of the base by one third of the altitude. 


MENSURATION 


273 


Pyramid, Spherical 

A spherical pyramid is the portion of a sphere bounded by 
a spherical polygon and the planes of its sides. 

Rule. — Multiply the area of the base by one third of the radius 
of the sphere. 

Note. — The area of a spherical polygon is equivalent to a lune whose 
angle is half the spherical excess of the polygon. 

Quadrilateral 

A quadrilateral is a polygon of four sides. 

To find the area of any quadrilateral. 

Rule. — Multiply half the diagonal by the sum of the perpen¬ 
diculars upon it from the opposite angle. 

Rhombus 

A rhombus is a parallelogram whose sides are all equal and 
whose angles are oblique. 

To find the area of a rhombus. 

Rule. — Take half the product of its diagonals. 

Rings 

If a plane curve lying wholly on the same side of a line in its 
own plane revolves about that line, the solid thus generated is 
called a ring. 

(1) Theorem of Pappus. 

(a) If a plane curve lying wholly on the same side of a line 
in its own plane revolves about that line, the area of the solid 
thus generated is equal to the product of the length of the re¬ 
volving line and the path described by its center of mass. 

(b) If a plane figure lying wholly on the same side of a line 
in its own plane revolves about that line, the volume of the 
solid thus generated is equal to the product of the revolving 
area and the length of the path described by its center of mass. 


274 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


(2) To find the surface of an elliptic ring. 

Formula. — Surface = 27r 2 c V-^-((2a) 2 + (2&) 2 ). 

(3) To find the volume of an elliptic ring. 

Formula. — Volume = 2 n 2 abc, where 2 a and 2 b are the axes 
of the ellipse and c the distance of the center of the ellipse 
from the axis of rotation. 

(4) To find the surface of a cjlindric ring. 

Formula. — Surface = 4 tt 2 ra. 

(5) To find the volume of a cylindric ring. 

Formula. — Volume = 2 ttVod, where a = distance of the center 
of the generating curve from the axis of rotation, and r = the 
radius of the circle. 


Roofing and Flooring 

A square 10 feet on a side, or 100 square feet, is the unit of 
measure in roofing, tiling, and flooring. 

The average shingle is taken to be 16 inches long and 4 inches 
wide. Shingles are usually laid about 4 inches to the weather. 

When laid 4-J- inches to the weather, the exposed surface of 
a shingle is 18 square inches. 

Allowing for waste, about 1000 shingles are estimated as 
needed for each square, but if the shingles are good, 850 to 900 
are sufficient. There are 250 shingles in a bundle. 


Sector 

A sector is that portion of a circle bounded by two radii and 
the intercepted arc. 

To find the area of a sector. 

Rule. — (a) Multiply the length of the arc by half the radius, 
(b) If the arc is given in degrees , take such a part of the whole 
area of the circle as the number of degrees in the arc is of 360°. 



MENSURATION 


275 


Sector, A Spherical 

A spherical sector is the volume generated by any sector of 
a semicircle which is revolved about its diameter. 

To find the volume of a spherical sector. 

Rule. — Multiply the area of its zone by one third the radius. 

Formula. — V= f tt a?* 2 , where r = radius of the sphere and 
a — altitude of the spherical segment. 

Segment of Circle 

A segment of a circle is the portion of a circle included be¬ 
tween an arc and its chord. 

(1) To find the area of a segment less than a semicircle. 

Rule. — From the sector having the same arc as the segment 
subtract the area of the triangle formed by the chord and the two 
radii from its extremities. 

(2) An approximate rule for finding the area of a segment. 

Rule. — Take two thirds the product of its chord and height. 

(3) To find the area of a segment of a circle, having given 
the chord of the arc and the height of the segment, i.e. the 
versed sine of half the arc. 

Rule. — Divide the cube of the height by twice the base and in¬ 
crease the quotient by two thirds of the product of the height and 
base. 

(4) To find the volume of the solid generated by a circular 
segment revolving about a diameter exterior to it. 

Rule .—Multiply one sixth the area of the circle ivhose radius 
is the chord of the segment by the projection of that chord upon 
the axis. 

Formula. — V—\ irAB 2 X A'B J , where AB is the chord of 
the segment and A'B' is its projection upon the axis. 


276 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


Segment, A Spherical 

A spherical segment is a portion of a sphere contained be¬ 
tween two parallel planes. 

To find the volume of any spherical segment. 

Rule. — To the product of one half the sum of its bases by its 
altitude add the volume of a sphere having that altitude for its 
diameter . 

Shell, A Cylindric 

A cylindric shell is the difference between two circular 
cylinders of the same length. 

To find the volume of a cylindric shell. 

Rule. —Multiply the sum of the inner and outer radii by their 
difference , and this product by 7 r times the altitude of the shell. 

Shell, A Spherical 

A spherical shell is the difference between two spheres which 
have the same center. 

To find the volume of a spherical shell. 

Formula.— V= f tt (i\ 3 — r 3 ), where r x and r denote the 
radii. 

Similar Solids 

Similar solids are solids which have the same form, and dif¬ 
fer from each other only in volume. 

Rule. — Any two similar solids are to each other as the cubes 
of any two like dimensions. 

Similar Surfaces 

Similar surfaces are surfaces which have the same shape, 
and differ from each other only in size. 

Rule. — Any two similar surfaces are to each other as the squares 
of any two like dimensions. 


MENSURATION 


277 


Sphere 

A sphere is a closed surface all points of which are equally 
distant from a fixed point within called the center. 

(1) Formulae. — 

Area = 4 ni' 2 , or 7 rd 2 . 

Area = r 2 x 12.5664. 

Area = d 2 X 3.1416. 

Area = circumference 2 X .3183. 

Volume = 1 7 r/* 3 , or ^ 7 rd 3 . 

Volume = J- d x area. 

Volume = circumference 3 X .0169. 

Volume = r 3 x 4.1888, or d 3 x .5236. 

r r x 1.1547, 

(2) Side of an inscribed cube = •< or 

( d x .5774. 

(3) To find the edge of the largest cube that can be cut from 
a hemisphere. 

Formula. — Edge = d x .408248. 

(4) To find the volume of a frustum of a sphere, or the por- , 
tion included between two parallel planes. 

Rule. — To three times the sum of the squared radii of the two 
ends add the square of the altitude; multiply this sum by .5235981 
times the altitude. 

(5) To find the edge of the largest cube that can be inscribed 
in a hemisphere of given diameter. 

Rule. — Multiply the radius by } of the square root of 6. 

Spheroid 

A spheroid is a solid formed by revolving an ellipse about 
one of its axes as an axis of revolution. 

Spheroid, Oblate 

An oblate spheroid is the spheroid formed by revolving an 
ellipse about its conjugate diameter as an axis of revolution. 


278 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


To find the volume of an oblate spheroid. 

Rule. — Multiply the square of the semitransverse diameter by 
the semiconjugate diameter and this product by ^ 7 r. 

Spheroid, Prolate 

A prolate spheroid is the spheroid formed by revolving an 
ellipse about its transverse diameter as an axis of revolution. 

To find the volume of a prolate spheroid. 

Rule. — Multiply the square of the semiconjugate diameter by 
the semitransverse diameter and, this product by f 7 r. 

Spindle, A Circular 

A circular spindle is the solid formed by revolving the seg¬ 
ment of a circle about its chord. 

(1) To find the volume of a circular spindle. 

Rule. — Multiply the area of the generating segment by the path 
of its center of gravity. 

(2) To find the volume formed by revolving a semicircle 
about a tangent parallel to its diameter. 

Rule. — Multiply one fourth of the volume of a sphere ivhose 
radius is that of the generating semicircle by (10 — 3 rr). 

Spindle, A Parabolic 

A parabolic spindle is a solid formed by revolving a parabola 
about a double ordinate perpendicular to the axis. 

To find the volume of a parabolic spindle. 

Rule. — Multiply the volume of its circumscribed cylinder by 

Square 

A square is a rectangle whose sides are all equal. 

(1) To find the area of a square. 

Rule. — Square an edge. 



MENSURATION 


279 


(2) Given the diagonal, to find the area. 

Rule. — Take one half the square of the diagonal. 

(3) Given the diagonal, to find a side. 

Rule. — Extract the square root of one half the square of the 
diagonal. 

(4) To find the side of the largest square inscribed in a 
semicircle of given diameter. 

Rule. — Multiply the radius of the given circle by of the 
square root of 5. 

Tetraedron 

A tetraedron is a polyedron of four faces. 

(1) To find the surface of a tetraedron. 

Rule. — Multiply the square of an edge by or 1.73205. 

(2) To find the volume of a tetraedron. 

Rule. — Multiply the cube of an edge by 1 ^ V#, or .11785. 

Trapezium and Irregular Polygons 

To find the area of a trapezium or any irregular polygon. 

Rule. — Divide the figure into triangles , find the area of the 
triangles , and take their sum. 

Trapezoid 

A trapezoid is a quadrilateral two of whose sides are par¬ 
allel. 

(1) To find the area of a trapezoid. 

Rule. — Multiply the altitude by one half the sum of the parallel 
sides. 

(2) Width = area h- Q- of the sum of the parallel sides). 

(3) Sum of the parallel sides = (area -j- width) x 2. 

(4) To find the length of a line parallel to the bases of a 
trapezoid that shall divide it into equal areas. 


280 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


Rule. — Square the bases and extract the square root of half 
their sum. 

Triangle 

A triangle is a portion of a plane bounded by three straight 
lines. 

(1) To find the area of a triangle. 

Rule. — Multiply the base by half the altitude. 

(2) To find the area of a triangle, having given the three 
sides. 

Rule. — From half the sum of the three sides subtract each side 
separately; multiply half the sum. and the three remainders to¬ 
gether : the square root of the product will be the area. 

(3) To find the radius of the inscribed circle. 

Rule. — Divide the area of the triangle by half the sum of its 
sides. 

(4) To find the radius of the circumscribing circle. 

Rule. — Divide the product of the three sides by four times the 
area of the triangle. 

(5) To find the radius of an escribed circle. 

Rule. — Divide the area of the triangle by the difference between 
half the sum of its sides and the tangent side. 

(6) To cut off a triangle containing a given area by a line 
running parallel to one of its sides, having given the area and 
base. 

Rule. — The area of the given triangle is to the area of the tri¬ 
angle to be cut off, as the square of the given base is to the square 
of the required base. Extract the square root of the result. 

( Equilateral) Triangle 

(1) Area = one half the side squared and multiplied by V3, 
or 1.732050+ 


MENSURATION 


281 


(2) Altitude = one half the side multiplied by V3, or 
1 732050+ 

(3) Center of the inscribed and circumscribed circle is a 
point in the altitude one third of its length from the base. 

(4) Radius of the circumscribed circle = two thirds of the 
altitude. 

(5) Radius of the inscribed circle = one third of the altitude. 

(6) Side = 2 Varea V3. 

Side = radius of the circumscribed circle multiplied by 

V3. 

(7) All equilateral triangles are similar. 

(8) Each angle = 60°. 

{Right) Triangle 

(1) Base = V (h 2 — p 2 ). 

(2) Perpendicular = V( h 2 — b 2 ). 

(3) Hypotenuse = V& 2 + p 2 - 

(4) Diameter of inscribed circle = (b +p) — h. 

(5) Side opposite an acute angle of 30° = one half of the 
hypotenuse. 

(6) Similar, if an acute angle of one = an acute angle of 
another. 

(7) Altitude of an isosceles triangle forms two right triangles. 

(8) To find a point in a right-angled triangle equidistant 
from its vertices. 

Rule. — Divide the hypotenuse by 2; the point will lie in the 
hypotenuse. 

(9) To find the perpendicular height of a right triangle when 
the base and the sum of the perpendicular and hypotenuse are 
known. 






282 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


Rule. — From the square of the sum of the perpendicular and 
hypotenuse take the square of the base , and divide the'difference 
by twice the sum of the perpendicular and hypotenuse . 

(Spherical) Triangle 

A spherical triangle is a spherical polygon of three sides. 

To find the area of a spherical triangle. 

Rule. — Find the area of a lune whose angle is half the spheri¬ 
cal excess of the triangle. 

Note. — The spherical excess of a triangle is the excess of the sum of 
its angles over 180°. 

Ungula, A Conical 

A conical ungula is a portion of a cone cut off by a plane 
oblique to the base and contained between this plane and the 
base. 

To find the volume of a conical ungula, when the cutting 
plane passes through the opposite extremes of the ends of the 
frustum. 

Rule. — Multiply the difference of the square roots of the cubes 
of the radii of the bases by the square root of the cube of the 
radius of the lower base and this product by \tt times the altitude. 
Divide this last product by the difference of the radii of the two 
bases, and the quotient will be the volume of the ungula. 

Ungula, A Cylindric 

A cylindric ungula is any portion of a cylinder cut off by a 
plane. 

(1) To find the convex surface of a cylindric ungula, when 
the cutting plane is parallel to the axis of the cylinder. 

Rule. — Multiply the arc of the base by the altitude. 

(2) To find the volume of a cylindric ungula whose cutting 
plane is parallel to the axis. 


MENSURATION 


283 


Rule. — Multiply the area of the base by the altitude. 

(3) To find the convex surface of a cylindric ungula, when 
the plane passes obliquely through the opposite sides of the 
cylinder. 

Rule. — Multiply the circumference of the base by half the sum 
of the greatest and least lengths of the ungula. 

(4) To find the volume of a cylindric ungula, when the plane 
passes obliquely through the opposite sides of the cylinder. 

Rule. — Multiply the area of the base by half the least and 
greatest lengths of the ungula. 

Ungula, A Spherical 

A spherical ungula is a portion of a sphere bounded by a 
lune and two great semicircles. 

To find the volume of a spherical ungula. 

Rule. — Multiply the area of the lune by one third the radius; 
or, multiply the volume of the sphere by the quotient of the angle 
of the lune divided by 360°. 


Wedge 

A wedge is a prismatoid whose lower base is a rectangle, 
and upper base a sect parallel to a basal edge. 

To find the volume of any wedge. 

Rule. — To twice the length of the base add the opposite edge; 
multiply the sum by the width of the base , and this product by one 
sixth the altitude of the wedge. 

Wood Measure 

The unit of wood measure is the cord. The cord is a pile of 
wood 8 feet by 4 feet by 4 feet. 

A pile of wood 1 foot by 4 feet by 4 feet is called a cord 
foot. 


284 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


A cord of stove wood is 8 feet long by 4 feet high. The 
length of stove wood, is usually 16 in. 

Zone 

A zone is the curved surface of a sphere included between 
two parallel planes or cut off by one plane. 

(1) To find the area of a zone. 

Rule. — Multiply the altitude of the spherical segment by twice 
7 r times the radius of the sphere . 

(2) To find the area of a zone of one base. 

Rule. — The area of a zone of one base is equivalent to the area 
of a circle whose radius is the chord of the generating arc. 

(Circular) Zone 

A circular zone is the portion of a plane inclosed by two 
parallel chords and their intercepted arcs. 

(1) If both chords are on the same side of the center. 

Rule. — Find the difference between the areas of the two seg¬ 
ments. 

(2) If the chords are on opposite sides of the center. 

Rule. — Subtract the sum of the areas of the two segments from 
the area of the circle. 





MISCELLANEOUS HELPS 


1. Pi (it) =3.1416, or 3}. Its value to seven hundred and 
seven places is 

3.14159265358979323846264338327950288419716930937510582 
09749445923078164062862089986280348253421170679821480 
86513282306647093844609550582231725359408128481117450 
28410270193852110555964462294895493038196442881097566 
59334461284756482337867831652712019091456485669234603 
48610454326648213393607260249141273724587006606315588 
17488152092096282925409171536436789259036001133053054 
88204665213841469519415116094330572703657595919530921 
86117381932611793105118548074462379834749567351885752 
72489122793818301194912983367336244193664308602139501 
60924480772309436285530966202755693979869502224749962 
06074970304123668861995110089202383770213141694119029 
88582544681639799904659700081700296312377381342084130 
791451183980570985. - 

2. The contents of a spheroid equals the square of the re¬ 
volving axis x the fixed axis x .5236. 

3. To find the distance a spot on the tire of a revolving 
wheel moves, multiply the distance traveled by 4 and divide 
by 7r. 

4. Sound travels 1087 feet per second at 0°C. or 1126 feet 
per second at 20° C. 

5. Electricity travels about 186,000 miles per second. 

6. To find the approximate number of bushels of corn in a 
crib, take the dimensions in feet, and multiply their product 

285 


286 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


by .8, if the corn is shelled; by .4, if shucked; by .3, if in the 
shuck. 

7. Roofing, flooring, and slating are often estimated by the 
square, which contains 100 square feet. 

8. The long ton of 2240 pounds and the long hundredweight 
of 112 pounds are used in the United States custom houses 
and in weighing coal and iron in the mines. 

9. The term carat is sometimes used to express the fineness 
of gold, each carat meaning a twenty-fourth part. 

10. It takes 1000 shingles to cover 100 square feet laid 4 
inches to the weather. It takes 900 shingles to cover 100 square 
feet laid 4 \ inches to the weather. 

11. The area of an ellipse is a mean proportional between the 
circumscribed and inscribed circles. 

12. Gunter’s chain is 66 feet long, consisting of 100 links. 

13. The first 24 periods of numeration are—units, thousands, 
millions, billions, trillions, quadrillions, quintillions, sextillions, 
septillions, octillions, nonillions, decillions, undecillions, duode- 
cillions, tredecillions, quartodecillions, quintodecillions, sexde- 
cillions, septodecillions, octodecillions, nonodecillions, vigin- 
tillions, primo-vigintillions, and secundo vigintillions. 

14. Mathematicians have given the signs X and precedence 
over the signs + and — ; hence the operations of multiplication 
and division should always be performed before addition and 
subtraction. 

15. The true weight of an article weighed on false scales is 
a mean proportional between the two apparent weights. 

16. To find any term of an arithmetical progression. 

Rule. — Any term of an arithmetical series is equal to the first 
term , increased or diminished by the common difference multiplied 
by a number one less than the number of terms . 


MISCELLANEOUS HELPS 


287 


17. To find the sum of an arithmetical series. 

Rule. — Multiply half the sum of the extremes by the number of 
terms. 

18. To find any term of a geometrical series. 

Rule. — Multiply the first term by the ratio raised to a power 
one less than the number of terms. 

19. To find the sum of a geometrical series. 

Rule. — Multiply the greater extreme by the ratio, subtract the 
less extreme from the product, and divide the remainder by the ratio 
less 1. 

20. To sum a geometrical series to infinity. 

Rule. — When the ratio is a proper fraction, divide the first term 
by 1 less the ratio. 

21. To find the harmonic mean between two numbers. 

Rule. — Divide twice their product by their sum. 

22. To find the mean proportional between two numbers. 

Rule. — Take the square root of their product. 

23. A body immersed in a liquid is buoyed up by a force 
equal to the weight of the liquid displaced. That is, it loses a 
portion of its weight just equal to the weight of the water dis¬ 
placed. 

24. If we have the sum and difference of two numbers given, 
add the sum and difference and take half of it for the greater, 
subtract and take half of it for the smaller. 

25. To find the day of the week for any date. 

R U l e> — To the given year of the century add its neglecting 
remainder ; to this add the day of the month , the ratio of the cen¬ 
tury , and the ratio of the month; then divide by 7, and the re¬ 
mainder will be the number of the day of the week, counting 
Sunday 1st, Monday 2d, and so on. 


288 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


Centennial Ratio Monthly Ratios 

200, 900, 1800, 2200 = 0. January = 3 or 2. August = 5. 

300, 1000 . . . . = 6. February = 6 or 5. September = 1. 

400, 1100, 1900, 2300 = 5. March = 6. October =3. 

500, 1200, 1600, 2000 = 4. April = 2. November = 6. 

600, 1300 . . . . = 3. May = 4. December = 1. 

700, 1400, 1700, 2100 = 2. June = 0. In leap years 

100,800, 1500 . . = 1. July =2. Jan. = 2. Feb. = 5. 


Examples. — March 4,1877, was on [77 + 19 + 4 +0+6]-r- 7, 
remainder 1 = Sunday. Jan. 31, 1845 was on [45 + 11 + 31 + 
0 + 3] -r- 7, remainder 6 = Friday. Oct. 12,1492, was on [92 + 23 
+ 12 + 2 + 3] 7, remainder 6 = Friday. Leap years are 

known by being divisible by 4, except those centuries that can¬ 
not be divided by 400; hence 1900 was not a leap year. 

26. To find the day’s length at any latitude (for example, 
71° N. Lat.). 

Let t be the time before 6 o’clock for sunrise; then the length 
of the day is (2 1 plus 12) hours. If d be the sun’s declination 
and l the latitude, then sin ^ t equals cot (90° — l) tan d. Eor 
longest day d equals 23° 27', and l equals 71°. Therefore, sin \t 
equals cot 19° tan (23° 27'). ^ t must be expressed in degrees. 

log cot 19° = 10.463028 
log tan (23° 27')= 9.637265 
log i* = 10.100293 

As the logarithm of the sine of an angle cannot be greater 
than 10, this shows that the person’s latitude is within the 
limits of the Arctic circle, and on the longest day there the sun 
does not rise and set. — From “ The School Visitor.” 

27. To find the G. C. D. of fractions. 

Rule. — Find the G. C. D. of the numerators of the fractions , 
and divide it by the L. C. M. of their denominators. 

28. To find the L. C. M. of fractions. 

Rule. — Divide the L. C. M. of the numerators by the G. C. D. 
of the denominators. 





MISCELLANEOUS HELPS 


280 


29. To find the height of a stump of a broken tree. 

Rule.— From the square of the height of the tree subtract the 
square of the distance the top rests from the base of the tree, and 
divide the remainder by tivice the height of the tree. 

30. To find how many board feet in a round log. 

Rule. — Subtract 4 from the diameter of the log in inches, and 
the square of this remainder equals the number of board feet in a 
log 16 feet long. 

31. To find the velocity of a nailhead in the rim of a mov¬ 
ing wheel. 

Rule. — Divide twice the height of the nailhead above the plane 
upon which the wheel rolls, by the radius, and multiply this product 
by the velocity of the center; then extract the square root. 

Note. — Its velocity at tlie bottom is zero ; at the top, twice that of the 
center ; and when its height is half the radius, its velocity equals that of 
the center. 

32. To find the distance to the horizon. 

Rule. — Take one and one half times the height the observer is 
above the surface of the ground in feet. The square root of this 
number is the number of miles an object on the surface can be seen. 

33. Extraction of any root. 

Horner’s Method, invented by Mr. Horner, of England, is 
the best general method of extracting roots. 

Any root whose index contains only the factors 2 or 3 can 
be extracted by means of the square and cube root. 

Rule. —I. Divide the number into periods of as many figures 
each as there are units in the index of the root, and at the left of 
the given number arrange the same number of columns, writing 1 
at the head of the left-hand column and ciphers at the head of the 
others. 

II. Find the required root of the first period, for the first figure 
of the root, multiply the 'number in the 1st col. by this first term 
of the root and add it to the 2d col., multiply this sum by the root 
and add it to the 3d coL, and thus continue,'writing the last prod- 






290 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


uct under the first period; subtract and bring down the next 
period for a dividend. 

III. Repeat this process, stopping one column sooner at the 
right each time until the sum falls in the 2d col. Then divide the 
dividend by the number in the last column, which is the trial 
divisor; the result is the second figure of the root. 

IV. Use the second figure of the root precisely as the first, 
remembering to place the products one place to the right in the 
2d col., two in the 3d col., etc.; continue this operation until the 
root is completed or carried as far as desired. 

Notes. — 1. Only a part of the dividend is used for finding a root 
figure, according to the principle of place value. The partial dividend 
thus used always terminates with the first figure of the period annexed. 

2. If any dividend does not contain the trial divisor, place a cipher in 
the root, and bring down the next period ; annex one cipher to the last 
term of the 2d column, two ciphers at the last term of the 3d, three to the 
4th, and then proceed according to the rule. 

Example. —Extract the fourth root of 5636405776. 


1 0 
2 
2 
4 
2 
6 
2 

( 1 ) 8 
J7 
87 
_7 
94 
7 

101 

7 

(2) 108 

4 

1084 


OPERATION 


0 0 

4 8 

_8 24 

12 (1) 32 t. d. 

12 21063 

(1) 24 53063 t. d. 

609 25669 

3009 (2) 78732 t. d. 

658 1766944 

3667 80498944 t. d. 

707 

(2) 4374 

4336 

441736 


56-3640.5776(274 
16_ 

403640 


371441 

1321995776 

321995776 


— From Brooks' “Higher Arithmetic.’ 














MISCELLANEOUS HELPS 


291 


SCIENTIFIC TRUTHS 

1. The intensity of light varies inversely as the square of 
the distance from the source of illumination. 

2. The intensity of sound varies inversely as the square of 
the distance from the source of the sound. 

3. Gravitation varies inversely as the square of the distance 
between the centers of gravity. 

4. The heating effect of a small radiant mass upon a dis¬ 
tant object varies inversely as the square of the distance. 

MATHEMATICAL DEFINITIONS 

Algebra is that branch of mathematics in which mathemat¬ 
ical investigations and computations are made by means of 
letters and other symbols. 

Analytical Geometry is that branch of geometry in which the 
properties and relations of geometrical magnitudes are investi¬ 
gated by the aid of algebraic analysis. 

Analytical Trigonometry is that branch of trigonometry which 
treats of the properties and relations of the trigonometrical 
functions. 

Applied, or Mixed, Mathematics is the application of pure 
mathematics to the mechanic arts. 

Arithmetic is the science that treats of numbers, the methods 
of computing by them, and their applications to business and 
science. 

Astronomy is that branch of applied mathematics in which 
mathematical principles are used to explain astronomical 
facts. 

Calculus is that branch of algebraic analysis which com¬ 
mands, by one general method, the most difficult problems of 
geometry and physics. 

Calculus of Variations is that branch of calculus in which the 


292 


MATHEMATICAL WKINKLES 


laws of dependence which bind the variable quantities together 
are themselves subject to change. 

Conic Sections is that branch of Platonic geometry which 
treats of the curved lines formed by the intersection of the 
surface of a right cone and a plane. 

Descriptive Geometry is that branch of geometry which treats 
of the graphic solutions of all problems involving three dimen¬ 
sions by means of projections upon auxiliary planes. 

Differential Calculus is that branch of calculus which investi¬ 
gates mathematical questions by using the ratio of certain 
indefinitely small quantities called differentials. 

Geometry is the science which treats of the properties and 
relations of space. 

Gunnery is that branch of applied mathematics which treats 
of the theory of projectiles. 

Integral Calculus is that branch of calculus which determines 
the relations of magnitudes from the known differentials of 
these magnitudes. It is the reverse method of the differential 
calculus. 

Mathematics is that science which treats of the measurement 
of and exact relations existing between quantities and of the 
methods by which it draws necessary conclusions from given 
premises. 

Mechanics is that branch of applied mathematics which treats 
of the action of forces on material bodies. 

Mensuration is that branch of applied mathematics which 
treats of the measurement of geometrical magnitudes. 

Metrical Geometry is that branch of geometry which treats 
of the length of lines and the magnitudes of angles, areas, and 
solids. 

Navigation is that branch of applied mathematics which treats 
of the art of conducting ships or vessels from one place to an¬ 
other. 


MISCELLANEOUS HELPS 


293 


Optics is that branch of applied mathematics which treats of 
the laws of light. 

Plane Geometry is that branch of pure geometry which treats 
of figures that lie in the same plane. 

Plane Trigonometry is that branch of trigonometry which 
treats of the solution of plane triangles. 

Platonic Geometry is that branch of metrical geometry in 
which the argument, or proof, is carried forward by a direct in¬ 
spection of the figures themselves, or pictured before the eye in 
drawings, or held in the imagination. 

Pure Geometry is that branch of Platonic geometry in which 
the argument, or proof, uses compasses and ruler only. 

Pure Mathematics treats of the properties and relations of 
quantity without relation to material bodies. 

Quaternions is that branch of algebra which treats of the 
relations of magnitude and position of lines or bodies in space 
by means of the quotient of two vectors, or of two directed right 
lines in space, considered as depending on four geometrical 
elements, and as expressible by an algebraic symbol of quadri- 
nomial form. 

Solid Geometry, or Geometry of Space, is that branch of pure 
geometry which treats of figures which do not lie wholly 
within the same plane. 

Spherical Trigonometry is that branch of trigonometry which 
treats of the solution of spherical triangles. 

Surveying is that branch of applied mathematics which teaches 
the art of determining and representing areas, lengths and direc¬ 
tions of bounding lines, and the relative position of points upon 
the earth’s surface. 

Trigonometry is that branch of Platonic geometry which treats 
of the relations of the angles and sides of triangles. 


294 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


HISTORICAL NOTES 

The oldest known mathematical work, a papyrus manuscript 
deciphered in 1877, and preserved in the British Museum, was 
written by Ash-mesu (the moon-born), commonly called Ahmes, 
an Egyptian, sometime before 1700 b.c. This work was entitled 
“ Directions for obtaining the Knowledge of All Dark Things.” 
This work contains problems in arithmetic and geometry and 
contains the first suggestions of algebraic notation and the 
solution of equations. This work was founded on another 
work believed to date back as far as 3400 b.c. 

Pythagoras, who died about 580 b.c., raised mathematics to 
the rank of & science. He was one of the most remarkable 
men of antiquity. 

The study of geometry was introduced into Greece about 
600 b.c. by Thales. Thales founded a school of mathematics 
and philosophy at Miletus, known as the Ionic School. 

Euclid’s “ Elements,” the greatest textbook on geometry, 
was published about 300 b.c. Euclid taught mathematics in 
the great university at Alexandria, Egypt. 

The name Mathematics is said to have first been used by the 
Pythagoreans. 

About 440 b.c. Hippocrates of Chios wrote the first Greek 
textbook on geometry. 

To the great philosophic school of Plato, which flourished at 
Athens (429-348 b.c.), is due the first systematic attempt to 
create exact definitions, axioms, and postulates, and to distin¬ 
guish between elementary and higher geometry. 

Diophantus, who died about 330 a.d., was the first writer on 
algebra worthy of recognition. His “ Arithmetica ” is the 
earliest treatise on algebra now extant. He was the first to 
state that “ a negative number multiplied by a negative number 
gives a positive number.” 


MISCELLANEOUS HELPS 


295 


A1 Hovarezmi, who died about 830, published the first book 
known to contain the word “ algebra ” in the title. 

The first edition of Euclid was printed in Latin in 1482, and 
the first one in English appeared in 1570. 

Robert Recorde published the first arithmetic printed in the 
English language in 1540. 

The first arithmetic published in America was written by 
Isaac Greenwood and issued in 1729. 

Chauncey Lee published in 1797 an arithmetic, called “ The 
American Accomptant.” This work contains the dollar mark, 
though in much ruder form than the character now in use. 

Descartes, the French philosopher, invented the method of 
computing graphs from equations about 1637. On June 8 , 
1637, he published the first analytical geometry. 

The differential calculus was invented by Newton and 
Leibniz about 1670. 

In 1686 Leibniz published in a paper, “ The Acta Erudi- 
torum,” the rudiments of the integral calculus. 

Hipparchus, who lived sometime between 200 and 100 b.c., 
was the greatest astronomer of antiquity and originated the 
science of trigonometry. 

The symbols of the Hindu or Arabic notation, except the 
zero, originated in India before the beginning of the Christian 
era. The zero appeared about 500 a.d. 

Nearly 4000 years ago Ahmes solved problems involving the 
area of the circle and found results that gave ir = 3.1604. The 
Babylonians and Jews used 7r = 3. The Romans used 3 and 
sometimes 4, or for more accurate work 3i. About 500 a.d. 
the Hindus used 3.1416. The Arabs about 830 a.d. used - 2 T 2 -, 
VlO, 3.1416. In 1596 Van Ceulen computed tt to over 30 deci¬ 
mal places. In 1873 Shanks computed 7 r to 707 decimal places. 

Logarithms were invented by John Napier, of Scotland, 
about 1614 a.d. His logarithms were not of ordinary numbers, 


296 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


but of the ratios of the legs of a right-angled triangle to the 
hypotenuse. 

Later Briggs constructed tables of logarithmic numbers to 
the base 10. 

The first publication of Briggian logarithms of trigonometric 
functions was made in 1620 by Gunter. Gunter was a colleague 
of Briggs. He invented the words cosine and cotangent, and 
found the logarithmic sines and tangents for every minute to 
seven places. 

HISTORICAL NOTES ON ARITHMETIC 

“ The Science of Arithmetic is one of the purest products of 
human thought. Based upon an idea among the earliest which 
spring up in the human mind, and so intimately associated 
with its commonest experience, it became interwoven with 
man’s simplest thought and speech, and was gradually un¬ 
folded with the development of the race. The exactness of its 
ideas, and the simplicity and beauty of its relations, attracted 
the attention of reflective minds, and made it a familiar topic 
of thought ; and, receiving contributions from age to age, it 
continued to develop until it at last attained to the dignity of 
a science, eminent for the refinement of its principles and the 
certitude of its deductions. 

“ The science was aided in its growth by the rarest minds of 
antiquity, and enriched by the thought of the profoundest 
thinkers. Over it Pythagoras mused with the deepest enthu¬ 
siasm; to it Plato gave the aid of his refined speculations; 
and in unfolding some of its mystic truths, Aristotle employed 
his peerless genius. In its processes and principles shines the 
thought of ancient and modern mind — the subtle mind of the 
Hindu, the classic mind of the Greek, the practical spirit of 
the Italian and English. It comes down to us adorned with 
the offerings of a thousand intellects, and sparkling with the 


MISCELLANEOUS HELPS 


297 


gems of thought received from the profoundest minds of nearly 
every age.” — From Brooks’ “ Philosophy of Arithmetic.” 

The first step in the historical development of arithmetic 
was in counting things. How far back this operation dates is 
not known. Counting among primitive people was of a very 
elermentary nature, as it is now among people of a low grade 
of civilization. A knowledge of arithmetic is coeval with the 
race. Every people, no matter how uncivilized, has some crude 
knowledge of numbers and employs them in its transactions 
with one another. Some of them have no real numeral 
words, while others have very few. The Chiquitos of Bolivia 
have no real numerals. The Campas of Peru have only 
three, but can count to ten. The Bushmen of South Africa 
have but two numerals. The natives of Lower California can¬ 
not count above five. Very few of the Esquimos can count 
above five. The more intelligent can count to twenty or more. 

The Egyptians stand at the beginning of the first period in 
the historical development of arithmetic. Menes, their first 
king, changed the course of the Nile, made a great reservoir, 
and built the temple of Phthah at Memphis. They built the 
pyramids at a very early period. Surely a people who were en¬ 
gaged in enterprises of such magnitude must have known some¬ 
thing of mathematics — at least of practical arithmetic. To 
them all Greek writers are unanimous in ascribing, without 
envy, the priority of invention in the mathematical sciences. 

Aristotle says that mathematics had its birth in Egypt, be¬ 
cause there the priestly class had the leisure needful for the 
study of it. In Herodotus we find this (11c 109): “They 
said also that this king (Sesostris) divided the land among all 
Egyptians so as to give each one a quadrangle of equal size and 
to draw from each his revenues, by imposing a tax to be levied 
yearly. But every one from whose part the river tore away 
anything, had to go to him and notify what had happened; he 
then sent the overseers, who had to measure out by how much 


298 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


the land had become smaller, in order that the owner might 
pay on what was left, in proportion to the entire tax imposed. 
In this way, it appears to me, geometry originated.” 

One of the oldest known works on mathematics, a manuscript 
copied on papyrus, a kind of paper used about the Mediter¬ 
ranean in early times, is still preserved and is now in the Brit¬ 
ish Museum. It was deciphered in 1877 and found to be a 
mathematical manual containing problems in arithmetic and 
geometry. It was written by Ahmes sometime before 1700 b.c., 
and was founded on an older work believed to date back as far 
as 3400 b.c. This work is entitled “ Directions for obtaining 
the Knowledge of All Dark Things.” In the arithmetical part 
it teaches operations with whole numbers and fractions. Some 
problems in this papyrus seem to imply a rudimentary knowl¬ 
edge of proportion. The area of an isosceles triangle, of which 
the sides measure 10 ruths and the base 4 ruths, is erroneously 
given as 20 square ruths, or half the product of the base by one 
side. The area of a circle is found by deducting from the 
diameter i of its length and squaring the remainder. ?r is 
taken = (if)* = 3.1604. 


According to Herodotus the ancient Egyptian computation 
consisted in operating with pebbles on a reckoning board 
whose lines were at right angles to the user. There is reason 
to believe the Babylonians used a similar device. The earli¬ 
est Greeks, like the Egyptians and Eastern nations, counted 
on the fingers or with pebbles. The Romans employed three 
methods, reckoning upon the fingers, upon the abacus (a me¬ 
chanical contrivance with columns for counters), and by tables 
prepared for the purpose. The method of finger reckoning 
seems to have prevailed among savage tribes from the be¬ 
ginning of time, and every observer knows how exceedingly 
common its use is among children learning to count. They 
perhaps adopt this method instinctively. 


MISCELLANEOUS HELPS 


299 


The Egyptians used the decimal scale. The Greeks and 
Egyptians made exclusive use of unit fractions, or fractions 
having one for the numerator. They kept the numerator con¬ 
stant and dealt with variable denominators. The Babylonians 
kept the denominators constant and equal to 60. Also the 
Komans kept them constant, but equal to 12. 

The Greeks also had much to do with the advancement of 
mathematics. They discriminated between the science of 
numbers and the art of calculation. They were among the 
first writers on arithmetic. About twenty-five centuries ago 
Pythagoras classified numbers into perfect and imperfect, 
even and odd, solid, square, cubical, etc. “ He regarded num¬ 
bers as of divine origin — the fountain of existence — the 
model and archetype of things — the essence of the universe.” 
He regarded even numbers as feminine, and allied to the 
earth; odd numbers were supposed to be endued with mascu¬ 
line virtues, and partook of the celestial nature. He consid¬ 
ered “number as the ruler of forms and ideas, and the cause 
of gods and daemons ”; and again that “ to the most ancient 
and all-powerful creating Deity, number was the canon, the 
efficient reason, the intellect also, and the most undeviating of 
the composition and generation of all things.” 

Philolaus declared “that number was the governing and 
self-begotten bond of the eternal permanency of mundane 
natures.” Another ancient said that number was the judicial 
instrument of the Maker of the universe, and the first para¬ 
digm of mundane fabrication. 

Plato ascribed the invention of numbers to God himself. In 
the “Phaedrus” he said, “The name of the Deity himself was 
Theuth. He was the first to invent numbers, and arithmetic, 
and geometry, and astronomy.” In the “ Timaeus,” he said, 
“Hence, God ventured to form a certain movable image of 
eternity; and thus while he was disposing the parts of the 


300 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


universe, he, out of that eternity which rests in unity, formed 
an eternal image on the principle of numbers, and to this we 
give the appellation of time.” 

Euclid, who lived about 300 b.c., was one of the early Greek 
writers upon arithmetic. In his “ Elements ” he treats of the 
theory of numbers, including prime and composite numbers, 
greatest common divisor, least common multiple, continued 
proportion, geometrical progressions, etc. 

Archimedes, who was born about 287 b.c., was one of the 
most noted Greek mathematicians. He discovered the ratio of 
the cylinder to the inscribed sphere, and in commemoration of 
this the figure of a cylinder was engraved upon his tomb. He 
also wrote two papers on arithmetic. In the first he explained 
a convenient system of representing large numbers. In the 
second he showed that this method enabled a person to write 
any number however large, and as proof gave his celebrated 
illustration that the number of grains of sand required to fill 
the universe is less than 10 63 . 

In 1202 Leonardo of Pisa published his great work “ Liber 
Abaci.” This work contained about all the knowledge the 
Arabs possessed in arithmetic and algebra and furnished the 
most lasting material for the extension of Hindu methods. 

•In 1540 Kobert Recorde published the first arithmetic printed 
in the English language. He invented the present method of 
extracting the square root. 

In 1729 Isaac Greenwood published the first arithmetic pub¬ 
lished in America. 

In 1788 Nicolas Pike’s arithmetic was published at New- 
buryport, Mass. It was a very popular book and was highly 
recommended by George Washington. 

In 1797 Chauncey Lee published “The American Accomp- 
tant.” 


MISCELLANEOUS HELPS 


301 


In 1799 Daboll published at New London, Conn., “ The School¬ 
master’s Assistant,” which was indorsed by Noah Webster. In 
this book the comma is used in place of the decimal point. 

In 1821 Warren Colburn’s “ First Lessons in Intellectual 
Arithmetic ” appeared. This book met with remarkable suc¬ 
cess. About two million copies were sold in twenty-five years. 
It revolutionized the teaching of arithmetic, and its influence 
is felt to this day. 


MATHEMATICAL SIGNS 

The symbols + and — were used by Widmann in his arith¬ 
metic published at Leipzig in 1489, = by Robert Recorde in 
his “ Whetstone of Witte” published in 1557, x by William 
Oughtred in 1631, the dot (•) as a symbol of multiplication by 
Harriot in 1631, the absence of a sign between two letters to 
indicate multiplication by Stifel in 1544, : as a symbol of divi¬ 
sion by Leibniz, / as a symbol of division was used very early 
by the Hindus and Arabs and is supposed to be the oldest of 
all the mathematical signs, -r- as a symbol of division by Rahn, 
a Swiss, in an algebra published at Zurich in 1659, > and < 
by Harriot in 1631, : : by Oughtred in 1631, V was first used 
in this form by Rudollf in 1525, oo and fractional exponents 
by Wallis and Newton in 1658, dx and by Leibniz on October 
29, 1675. 

The symbols =£, >, <, indicating “not equal,” etc., are 
recent. Parentheses were first used as symbols of aggregation 
by Girard in 1629. The decimal point came into use in the 
seventeenth century; it seems to have appeared first in a work 
published by Pitiscus in 1612. Positive integral exponents in 
the present form were first used by Chuquet in 1484. 

The Greek letter 7 r was first used to represent the ratio of 
the circumference to the diameter by William Jones in his 
“ Synopsis Palmariorum Matheseos,” in 1706, and came into 
general use through the influence of Euler. 


302 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


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GEOMETRICAL MAGNITUDES CLASSIFIED 


MISCELLANEOUS HELPS 


303 


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Multiplication Table 


TABLES 


25 

O 

AO 

75 

100 

125 

O 

© 

r-l 

lO 

rH 

200 

>o 

Cl 

Cl 

250 

275 

300 

325 

350 

375 

400 

425 

450 

475 

500 

525 

550 

575 

600 

© 

Cl 

CO 

25 

24 

48 

72 

CO 

05 

120 

144 

CO 

CO 

rH 

192 

216 

240 

rH 

CC 

Cl 

288 

312 

© 

CO 

00 

© 

© 

CO 

rH 

00 

oo 

408 

Cl 

CO 

rH 

© 

© 

rH 

480 

3 

© 

528 

552 

576 

009 

24 

23 

46 

© 

92 

115 

138 

161 

184 

207 

230 

253 

276 

©. 

© 

Cl 

322 

345 

368 

rH 

CO 

414 

t- 

CO 

^p 

© 

© 

rH 

483 

90S 

© 

Cl 

© 

552 

575 

23 

22 

44 

99 

CC 

CO 

o 

r-H 

rH 

(N 

CO 

rH 

154 

176 

CO 

CT- 

rH 

220 

242 

rH 

CO 

Cl 

286 

CO 

O 

CQ 

330 

352 

374 

396 

418 

440 

462 

484 

© 

© 

© 

528 

550 

22 

21 

42 

63 

rH 

GO 

105 

126 

147 

CC 

CO 

rH 

189 

210 

231 

252 

273 

Cl 

315 

336 

357 

© 

i - 

CO 

391) 

© 

Cl 

rH 

441 

462 

483 

HP 

o 

L~ 

525 

21 

1 OS 

401 

60 

80 

100 i 

o 

d 

T"“l 

O 

rp 

rH 

160 

o 

00 
T—1 

200 

220 

240 

© 

cn 

280 

© 

© 

CO 

320 

340 

360 

380 

400 

420 

440 

460 

480 

500 

20 

19 

38 

57 

76 

95 

114 

133 

152 

rH 

L- 

rH 

190 

209 1 

228 

247 

1 266 

285 

-H 

© 

CO 

CO 

Cl 

CC 

Cl 

3 

rH 

© 

CO 

© 

CC 

CC 

w- 

co 

CC 

rH 

437 

CO 

AO 

TP 

475 

19 

18 

36 

54 

72 

s 

00 

o 

rH 

CN 

rH 

144 

162 

180 

OC 

CT- 

rn 

216 

234 

252 

270 

288 

3C6 

324 

342 

© 

CO 

CO 

CC 

l- 

CO 

© 

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414 

Cl 

rr 

rH 

450 

18 

17 

3S 

51 

68 

85 

102 

O 

rH 

rH 

136 

153 

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187 

204 ! 

221 

238 

255 

272 

289 

306 

323 

340 

t— 

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CO 

374 

391. 

408 

425 

17 

16 

32 

48 

64 

80 

8 

112 

128 

rH 

rH 

© 

CO 

rH 

176 

192 

208 

224 

240 

256 

272 

288 

304 

1 320 

© 

co 

CO 

Cl 

© 

CO' 

368 

384 

400 

16 

15 

30 

45 

09 

75 

8 

105 

120 

135 

150 

165 

© 

00 

t-T 

195 

© 

rH 

225 

240 

255 

270 

285 

300 

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r 

CO 

330 

i 

360 

375 

15 

14 

00 

<M 

42 

56 

70 

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CO 

98 

112 

126 

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Tp 

rH 

154 

00 

© 

n 

182 

8 

rH 

210 

224 

238 

252 

© 

© 

Cl 

280 

294 

308 

322 

336 

© 

8 

14 

13 

26 

39 

52 

65 

78 

rH 

05 

104 

117 

130 

143 

© 

© 

n 

rH 

<M 

CO 

rH 

iO 

© 

rH 

208 

221 

234 

t- 

rH 

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© 

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1 273 

OC 

Cl 

299 

312 

325 

13 

CM 

rH 

rH 

(M 

§8 

CO 

rH 

s 

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t- 

£ 

961 

oo 

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T—1 

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T— 1 

132 

rP 

tP 

r 

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5 

rH 

00 

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rH 

180 

192 

204 

© 

rr 

Cl 

228 

240 

252 

264 

276 

1 288 

1 300 

st 1 

II 

22 

33 

3 

© 

© 

99 

77 

00 

00 

99 

110 

121 

132 

l 

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lO 

r-t 

165 

176 

187 

198 

209 

220 

rH 

CO 

(M 

242 

253 

264 

275 

11 

10 

20 

30 

40 

50 

09 

70 

80 

8 

100 

110 

© 

Cl 

r—' 

8 

r-H 

o 

rH 

150 

© 

rH 

; 170 

O 

CO 

rn 

190 

1 200 

rH 

Cl 

220 

230 

240 

250 

10 

05 

CO 

rH 

27 

c8 

45 

54 

63 

72 

rH 

CO 

90 

99 

108 

L'- 

’-h 

rH 

© 

Cl 

T—1 

135 

*+ 

Tp 

rH 

153 

162 

171 

© 

CC 

T—' 

189 

198 

207 

rr 

rH 

225 

© 

GO 

CC 

rH 

24 

S3 

40 

48 

56 

rH 

CO 

Cl 

l- 

80 

00 

00 

CO 

o 

-H 

© 

rH 

Cl 

rH 

rH 

© 

Cl 

T“1 

128 

136 

144 

152 

091 

CC 

CO 

rH 

CO 

t- 

rH 

$ 

rn 

Cl 

© 

T"H 

Cl 

00 


HP 

tH 

rH 

<N 

28 

35 

42 

49 

56 

63 

70 

b- 

84 


98 

105 

112 

119 

126 

133 

140 

rH 

i —• 

154 

rH 

CO 

rH 

CC 

© 

1“H 

© 

rr 


CO 

12 

18 

24 

30 

36 

01 

tP 

48 

54 

09 

99 

72 

00 

L- 

og 

90 

8 

Cl 

© 

ri 

CC 

o 

rH 

114 

120 

! 126 

132 

138 

144 

150 

© 

©> 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 

35 

40 

45 

50 

55 

09 

lO 

© 

70 

75 

80 

85 

8 

95 

© 

© 

rH 

105 

© 

rH 

rH 

115 

120 

125 

m 

•H 

00 

<N 

rH 

CO 

rH 

20 

24 

28 

32 

36 

40 

3 

48 

52 

56 

09 

3 

CC 

CO 

72 


80 

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CC 

CC 

CC 

92 

© 

100 

rH 

CO 

© 

C5 

<M 

rH 

lO 

rH 

00 

rH 

rH 

Cl 

rH 

Cl 

Cl 

8 

33 

36 

8 

42 

45 

48 

51 

54 

57 

09 

CO 

© 

© 

CO 

69 

Ol 

b- 

75 

CO 

d 


CO 

CO 

o 

r^ 

Cl 

rH 

Tp 

rH 

CO 

rH 

CO 

rH 

20 

Cl 

Cl 

rH 

Cl 

CO 

j 

28 

© 

32 

co 

CO 

CO 

38 

40 

Ol 

r 

-p 

TP 

*5 

48 

O 

lO 

Cl 

rH 

05 

CO 

rH 

ID 

CO 


00 

05 

O 

rH 

rH 

rH 

d 

rH 

00 

rH 

rH 

lO 

rH 

© 

rH 

t- 

rH 

00 

rH 

19 

20 

21 

d 

d 

23 

24 

25 

rH 


304 





































































































































TABLES 


305 


Table showing the Amount of $1 at Compound Interest from 
1 Year to 20 Years 


Yr. 

•2£ Per Cent 

3 Per Cent 

3£ Per Cent 

4 Per Cent 

5 Per Cent 

6 Per Cent 

1 

1.025 

1.03 

1.035 

1.04 

1.05 

1.06 

2 

1.050625 

1.0609 

1.071225 

1.0816 

1.1025 

1.1236 

3 

1.076891 

1.092727 

1.108718 

1.124864 

1.157625 

1.191016 

4 

1.103813 

1.125509 

1.147523 

1.169859 

1.215506 

1.262477 

5 

1.131408 

1.159274 

1.187686 

1.216653 

1.276282 

1.338226 

6 

1.159693 

1.194052 

1.229255 

1.265319 

1.340096 

1.418519 

7 

1.188686 

1.229874 

1.272279 

1.315932 

.1.4071 

1.50363 

8 

1.218103 

1.26677 

1.316809 

1.368569 

1.477455 

1.593848 

9 

1.248863 

1.304773 

1.362897 

1.423312 

1 551328 

1.689479 

10 

1.280085 

1.343916 

1.410599 

1.480244 

1.628895 

1.790848 

11 

1.312087 

1.384234 

1.45997 

1.539454 

1.710339 

1.898299 

13 

1.344889 

1.425761 

1.511069 

1.601032 

1.795856 

2.012197 

13 

1.378511 

1.468534 

1.563956 

1.665074 

1.885649 

2.132928 

14 

1.412974 

1.51259 

1.618695 

1.731676 

1.979932 

2.260904 

15 

1.448298 

1.557967 

1.675349 

1.800944 

2.078928 

2.396558 

16 

1.484506 

1.604706 

1.733986 

1.872981 

2.182875 

2.540352 

17 

1.521618 

1.652848 

1.794676 

1.947901 

2.292018 

2.692773 

18 

1.559659 

1.702433 

1.857489 

2.025817 

2.406619 

2.854339 

19 

1.59865 

1.753506 

1.922501 

2.106849 

2.52695 

3.0256 

20 

1.638616 

1.806111 

1.989789 

2.191123 

2.653298 

3.207136 

Yr. 

7 Per Cent 

8 Per Cent 

9 Per Cent 

10 Per Cent 

tl Per Cent 

12 Per Cent 

1 

1.07 

1.08 

1.09 

1.10 

1.11 

1.12 

2 

1.1449 

1.1664 

1.1881 

1.21 

1.2321 

1.2544 

3 

1.225043 

1.259712 

1.295029 

1.331 

1.367631 

1.404908 

4 

1.310796 

1.360489 

1.411582 

1.4641 

1.51807 

1.573519 

5 

1.402552 

1.469328 

1.538624 

1.61051 

1.685058 

1.762342 

6 

1.50073 

1.586874 

1.6771 

1.771561 

1.870414 

1.973822 

7 

1.605781 

1.713824 

1.828039 

1.948717 

2.07616 

2.210681 

8 

1.718186 

1.85093 

1.992563 

2.143589 

2.304537 

2.475963 

9 

1.838459 

1.999005 

2.171893 

2.357948 

2.558036 

2.773078 

10 

1.967151 

2.158925 

2.367364 

2.593742 

2.83942 

3.105848 

11 

2.104852 

2.331639 

2.580426 

2.853117 

3.151757 

3.478549 

12 

2.252192 

2.51817 

2.812665 

3.138428 

3.49845 

3.895975 

13 

2.409845 

2.719624 

3.065805 

3.452271 

3.883279 

4.363492 

14 

2.578534 

2.937194 

3.341727 

3.797498 

4.31044 

4.887111 

15 

2.759031 

3.172169 

3.642482 

4.177248 

4.784588 

5.473565 

16 

2.952164 

3.425943 

3.970306 

4.594973 

6.310893 

6.130392 

17 

3.158815 

3.700018 

4.327633 

5.05447 

5.895091 

6.86604 

18 

3.379932 

3.996019 

4.71712 

5.559917 

6.543551 

7.689964 

19 

3.616527 

4.315701 

5 141661 

6.115909 

7.263342 

8.61276 

23 

3.869684 

4.660957 

5.604411 

6.7275 

8.062309 

9.646291 
















306 


MATHEMATICAL WKINKLES 


Scalene Triangles whose Right Triangles whose Sides 

Areas and Sides are are Integral 

Integral 


3 

4 

5 

66 

88 

110 

6 

8 

10 

69 

92 

115 

9 

12 

15 

72 

96 

120 

12 

16 

20 

75 

100 

125 

15 

20 

25 

78 

104 

130 

18 

24 

30 

81 

108 

135 

21 

23 

35 

84 

112 

140 

24 

32 

40 

87 

116 

145 

27 

36 

45 

90 

120 

150 

30 

40 

50 

93 

124 

155 

33 

44 

55 

96 

128 

160 

36 

48 

60 

99 

132 

165 

39 

52 

65 

102 

136 

170 

42 

56 

70 

105 

140 

175 

45 

60 

75 

108 

144 

180 

48 

64 

80 

111 

148 

18') 

51 

68 

85' 

114 

152 

190 

54 

72 

90 

117 

156 

195 

57 

76 

95 

120 

160 

200 

60 

80 

100 

123 

164 

205 

63 

84 

105 

126 

168 

210 


4 

13 

15 

20 

37 

51 

13 

14 

15 

25 

39 

56 

7 

15 

20 

25 

52 

63 

11 

13 

20 

25 

51 

52 

10 

17 

21 

25 

74 

77 

12 

17 

25 

26 

51 

55 

13 

20 

21 

29 

52 

69 

17 

25 

26 

34 

65 

93 

17 

25 

28 

35 

53 

66 

13 

37 

40 

36 

61 

65 

13 

40 

45 

37 

91 

96 

15 

34 

35 

39 

41 

50 

15 

37 

44 

39 

85 

92 

17 

39 

44 

40 

51 

77 

25 

29 

36 

41 

51 

58 

25 

39 

40 

41 

84 

85 

29 

35 

48 

48 

85 

91 

39 

41 

50 

50 

69 

73 

13 

68 

75 

51 

52 

53 

15 

41 

52 

52 

73 

75 

17 

55 

60 

43 

61 

68 


Squares of Integers from 10 to 100 


No. 

0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

100 

121 

144 

169 

196 

225 

256 

289 

324 

361 

20 

400 

441 

484 

529 

576 

625 

676 

729 

784 

841 

30 

900 

961 

1024 

1089 

1156 

1225 

1296 

1369 

1444 

1521 

40 

1600 

1681 

1764 

1849 

1936 

2025 

2116 

2209 

2304 

2401 

50 

2500 

2601 

2704 

2809 

2916 

3025 

3136 

3249 

3364 

3481 

60 

3600 

3721 

3844 

3969 

4096 

4225 

4356 

4489 

4624 

4761 

70 

4900 

5041 

5184 

5329 

5476 

5625 

5776 

5929 

6084 

6241 

80 

6400 

6561 

6724 

6889 

7056 

7225 

7396 

7569 

7744 

7921 

90 

8100 

8281 

8464 

8649 

8836 

9025 

9216 

9409 

9604 

9801 






























TABLES 


307 


Square Roots of Numbers from 0 to 10, at Intervals of .1 


No. 

.0 

.1 

.2 

3 

.4 

.5 

.6 

.7 

.8 

.9 

0 

0 

.316 

.447 

.548 

.632 

.707 

.775 

.837 

.894 

.949 

1 

1.000 

1.049 

1.095 

1.140 

1.183 

1.225 

1.265 

1.304 

1.342 

1.378 

2 

1.414 

1.449 

1.483 

1.517 

1.549 

1.581 

1.612 

1.643 

1.673 

1.703 

3 

1.732 

1.761 

1.789 

1.817 

1.844 

1.871 

1.897 

1.924 

1.949 

1.975 

4 

2.000 

2.025 

2.049 

2.074 

2.098 

2.121 

2.145 

2.168 

2.191 

2.214 

5 

2.236 

2.258 

2.280 

2.302 

2.324 

2.345 

2.366 

2.387 

2.408 

2.429 

6 

2.449 

2.470 

2.490 

2.510 

2.530 

2.550 

2.569 

2.588 

2.608 

2.627 

7 

2.646 

2.665 

2.683 

2.702 

2.720 

2.739 

2.757 

2.775 

2.793 

2.811 

8 

2.828 

2.846 

2.864 

2.881 

2.898 

2.915 

2.933 

2.950 

2.966 

2.983 

9 

3.000 

3.017 

3.033 

3.050 

3.066 

3.082 

3.098 

3.114 

3.130 

3.146 


Square Roots of Integers from 10 to 100 


No. 

0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

3.162 

3.317 

3.464 

3.606 

3.742 

3.873 

4.000 

4.123 

4.243 

4.359 

20 

4.472 

4.583 

4.690 

4.796 

4.899 

5.000 

5.099 

5.196 

5.292 

6.385 

30 

5.477 

5.568 

5.657 

5.745 

5.831 

5.916 

6.000 

6.083 

6.164 

6.245 

40 

6.326 

6.403 

6.481 

6.557 

6.633 

6.708 

6.782 

6.856 

6.928 

7.000 

50 

7.071 

7.141 

7.211 

7.280 

7.348 

7.416 

7.483 

7.550 

7.616 

7.681 

60 

7.746 

7.810 

7.874 

7.937 

8.000 

8.062 

8.124 

8.185 

8.246 

8.307 

70 

8.367 

8.426 

8.485 

8.544 

8.602 

8.660 

8.718 

8.775 

8.832 

8.888 

80 

8.944 

9.000 

9.055 

9.110 

9.165 

9.220 

9.274 

9.327 

9.381 

9.434 

90 

9.487 

9.539 

9.592 

9.644 

9.695 

9.747 

9.798 

9.849 

9.899 

9.950 


Cube Roots of Integers from 1 to 30 


No. 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 
9 

10 


Cube Eoot 

1.000000 
1.259921 
1.442250 
1.587401 
1.709976 
1.817121 
1.912931 
2.000000 
2.080084 
2 154435 



Ctjbe Root 

2.223980 

2.289429 

2.351335 

2.410142 

2.466212 

2.519842 

2.571282 

2.620741 

2.668402 

2.714418 


No. 

Cube Root 

21 

2.758924 

22 

2.802039 

23 

2.843867 

24 

2.884499 

25 

2.924018 

26 

2.962496 

27 

3.000000 

28 

3.036589 

29 

3.072317 

30 

3.107233 




















































308 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


Tables of Prime Numbers from 1 to 1000 


1 

i09 

£69 

439 

517 

511 

2 

13 

71 

43 

19 

21 

3 

27 

77 

49 

31 

23 

5 

31 

81 

57 

41 

27 

7 

37 

83 

61 

43 

29 

11 

39 

93 

63 

47 

39 

13 

49 

307 

67 

53 

53 

17 

51 

11 

79 

59 

57 

19 

57 

13 

87 

61 

59 

23 

63 

17 

91 

73 

63 

29 

67 

31 

99 

77 

77 

31 

73 

37 

503 

83 

81 

37 

79 

47 

09 

91 

83 

41 

81 

49 

21 

701 

87 

43 

91 

53 

23 

09 

507 

47 

93 

59 

41 

19 

11 

53 

97 

67 

47 

27 

19 

59 

99 

73 

57 

33 

29 

61 

m 

79 

63 

39 

37 

67 

23 

83 

69 

43 

41 

71 

27 

89 

71 

51 

47 

73 

29 

97 

77 

57 

53 

79 

33 

^01 

87 

61 

67 

83 

39 

09 

93 

69 

71 

89 

41 

19 

99 

73 

77 

97 

51 

21 

501 

87 

83 

i01 

57 

31 

07 

97 

91 

03 

63 

33 

13 

509 

97 

07 







Note. — The hundreds’ digits are not repeated after being first intro¬ 
duced, unless at the heads of columns. 


Con: 

it = 3.14159265359 

- = 0.7853982 
4 

- = 0.5235988 
6 

- = 0.3183099 

7r 

7T 2 = 9.8696044 
l- = 0.1013212 

- 7T 2 

Vtt = 1.7724539 

i = 0.5641896 
aAt 


ANTS 

log 7T = 0.4971499 

log - = 9.8950899 - 10 
4 

log | = 9.7189986 - 10 
log - = 9.5028501 - 10 

7T 

log 7T 2 = 0.9942997 
log ~ = 9.0057003 - 10 

7T 2 

log Vx = 0.2485749 
log -L =9.7514251 - 10 

7T 














TABLES 


309 


Specific Gravities.—Water 1 

A table showing the weight of each substance compared with an equal 
volume of pure water. A cubic foot of rain water weighs 1000 ounces, 
or 62| lb. Avoir. To find the weight of a cubic foot of any substance 
named in the table, move the decimal point three places toward the 
right, which is multiplying by 1000, and the result will show the number 
of ounces in a cubic foot. 


Substances 

Specific Gbav. 

Substances 

Specific Gbav. 

Acid, acetic . . . . 

1.008 

Lead,cast. . . 


11.350 

Acid, nitric. 

1.271 

Lead, white . . 


7.235 

Acid, sulphuric . . . 

1.841 to 2.125 

Lead, ore . . . 


7.250 

Air. 

.001227 

Lignum vitte . . 


1.333 

Alcohol, of commerce . 

.835 

Lime. 


.804 

Alcohol, pure . . . . 

.794 

Lime, stone . . 


2.386 

Alder wood. 

.800 

Mahogany . . . 


1.063 

Ale. 

1.035 

Manganese . . 


3.700 

Alum. 

1.724 

Maple .... 


.750 

Aluminum. 

2.560 

Marble .... 


2.716 

Amber . 

1.064 

Men' (living) . . 


.891 

Amethyst. 

2.750 

Mercury, pure . 


14.000 

Ammonia. 

.875 

Mica. 


2.750 

Ash. 

8.400 

Milk. 


1.032 

Blood, human .... 

1.054 

Nickel .... 


8.279 

Brass .... (about) 

8.400 

Niter. 


1.900 

Brick. 

2.000 

Oil, castor . . . 


.970 

Butter. 

.942 

Oil, linseed . . 


.940 

Cedar . 

.457 to .561 

Opal. 


2.114 

Cherry. 

.715 

Opium .... 


1.337 

Cider . 

1.018 

Pearl. 


2.510 

Coal, bituminous (about) 

1.250 

Pewter .... 


7.471 

Coal, anthracite . . . 

1.500 

Platinum (native) 


17.000 

Copper . 

8.788 

Platinum, wire . 


21.45 

Coral. 

2.540 

Poplar .... 


.383 

Cork. 

.240 

Porcelain . . . 


2.385 

Diamond. 

3.530 

Quartz .... 


2.500 

Earth (mean of the globe) 

5.210 

Rosin .... 


1.1Q0 

Elm. 

.661 

Salt. 


2.130 

Emerald ...... 

2.678 

Sand. 


1.500 to 1.800 

Fir. 

.550 

Silver, cast . . 


10.474 

Glass, flint. 

2.760 

Silver, coin . . 


10.534 

Glass, plate .... 

2.760 

Slate . 


2.110 

Gold, native .... 

15.600 to 19.500 

Steel. 


7.816 

Gold, pure, cast . . . 

19.258 

Stone .... 


2.000 to 2.700 

Gold, coin. 

17.647 

Sulphur, fused . 


1.990 

Granite. 

2.652 

Tallow .... 


.941 

Gum Arabic .... 

1.452 

Tar. 


1.015 

Gypsum. 

2.288 

Tin. 


7.291 

Honey . 

1.456 

Turpentine, spirits of 

.870 

Ice. 

.930 

Vinegar . . . 


1.013 

Iodine. 

4.948 

Walnut .... 


.671 

Iron. 

7.645 

Water, distilled . 


1.000 

Iron, ore . 

4.900 

Water, sea . . 


1.028 

Ivory . 

1.917 

Wax. 


.897 

Lard. 

.917 

Zinc, cast . . . 


7.190 

























































310 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


Approximate Values of Foreign Coins in United States Money 







Value in 

Country 

Standard 

Monetary Unit 

Terms ok 
U. S. Gold 






Dollars 

Argentine Republic . 

Gold & Silver 

Peso 


.965 

Austria-Hungary . . 

Gold 

Crown 

.203 

Belgium . . 


Gold & Silver 

Franc 

.193 

Bolivia . . 


Silver 

Boliviano 

.441 

Brazil . . 


Gold 

Milreis 

.546 

British Possessions in 





N. A. [except New- 





foundland ] 

. 

Gold 

Dollar 

1.00 

Central Am. States 





Guatemala' 
Honduras 
Nicaragua 
Salvador 


Silver 

Peso 


.441 

Chili . . . 


Gold 

Peso 


.365 

China. 




Shanghai 

.661 

• . • 

Silver 

Tael - 

Haikwan 

.736 





Canton 

.722 

Colombia 

• • • 

Gold 

Dollar 

1.00 

Costa Rica . 

• • • 

Gold 

Colon 

.465 

Cuba . . . 

• • • 

Gold 

Peso 


.91 

Denmark 

. • • 

Gold 

Crown 

.268 

Ecuador . . 

• . • 

Gold 

Sucre 

.487 

Egypt . . 

• . . 

Gold 

Pound [100 Piastres] 

4.943 

Finland . . 


Gold 

Mark 


.193 

France . . 


Gold & Silver 

Franc 

.193 

German Empire . . 

Gold 

Mark 


.238 

Great Britain 

. 

Gold 

Pound Sterling 

4.866^ 

Greece . . 

. 

Gold & Silver 

Drachma 

.193 

Haiti . . . 


Gold & Silver 

Gourde 

.965 

India . . . 


Gold 

Pound Sterling 

4.866^ 

Italy . . . 


Gold & Silver 

Lira 


.193 

Japan . . 


Gold 

Yen, Gold 

.498 

Liberia . . 


Gold 

Dollar 

1.00 

Mexico . . 


Gold 

Peso 


.498 

Netherlands 


Gold & Silver 

Florin 

.402 

Newfoundland . . . 

Gold 

Dollar 

1.014 

Norway . 

• 

Gold 

Crown 

.268 

Peru . . 


Gold 

Sol 


.487 

Portugal . . 


Gold 

Milreis 

1.08 

Russia . . 


Gold 

Rouble, Gold 

.515 

Spain . . . 


Gold & Silver 

Peseta 

.193 

Sweden . . 

• • • 

Gold 

Crown 

.268 

Switzerland 

. . • 

Gold & Silver 

Franc 

.193 

Tripoli . . 

• 

Silver 

Mahbub [20 Piastres] 

.413 

Turkey . . 


Gold 

Piastre 

.044 

Venezuela . 

• • • 

Gold & Silver 

Bolivar 

.193 

































TABLES 


311 


WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 

Avoirdupois Weight 

16 ounces (oz.) = 1 pound (lb.) 

100 pounds = 1 hundredweight (cwt.) 

20 hundredweight, or 2000 pounds = 1 ton (T.) 


1 ton = 20 cwt. = 2000 lb. = 32,000 oz. 

1 pound Avoirdupois weight = 7000 grains. 

1 ounce Avoirdupois weight = 437£ gr. 

Troy Weight 

24 grains (gr.) = 1 pennyweight (pwt.) 

20 pennyweights = 1 ounce (oz.) 

12 ounces = 1 pound (lb.) 


1 lb. = 12 oz. = 240 pwt. = 5760 gr. 
1 ounce Troy weight = 480 gr. 


Apothecaries’ Weight 

20 grains (gr. xx) = 1 scruple (sc., or 3) 
3 scruples (3iij) = 1 dram (dr., or 3) 

8 drams (3 viij) = 1 ounce (oz., or 3) 
12 ounces (3xij) =1 pound (lb., or lb.) 


1 lb. = 12 3 = 96 3 = 288 3 = 5760 gr. 

Medicines are bought and sold in quantities by Avoirdupois weight. 


Apothecaries’ Fluid Measure 

60 minims, or drops (hi, or gtt.) = 1 fluidrachm (f 3) 
8 fluidrachms = 1 fluidounce (f 3 ) 

16 fluidounces = 1 pint (O.) 

8 pints = 1 gallon (Cong.) 


1 Cong. = 8 O. = 128 f 3 = 1024 f 3 = 61,440 m. 

O. is an abbreviation of octans, the Latin for one eighth ; Cong, for con- 
giarium, the Latin for gallon. 






312 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


Linear Measure 


12 inches (in.) 

3 feet 

51 yards, or 16| feet 
320 rods 


= 1 foot (ft.) 
= 1 yard (yd.) 
= 1 rod (rd.) 

= 1 mile (mi.) 


1 mi. = 320 rd. = 1760 yd. = 5280 ft. = 63,360 in. 

Mariners’ Linear Measure 

9 inches (in.) =lspan(sp.) 

8 spans, or 6 feet = 1 fathom (fath.) 

120 fathoms =1 cable’s length (c. 1.) 

71 cable lengths = 1 nautical mile (or knot) (mi.) 

3 miles = 1 league 


Geographical and Astronomical Linear Measure 

= 1.15 statute miles 
= 1 league 

of latitude on a meridian, 
or of longitude on the equator 
= the circumference of the earth 


1 geographic mile 

3 geographic miles 

60 geographic miles, or 

69.16 statute miles 
360 degrees 


=1 degree 


Surveyor’s Linear Measure 

7.92 inches = 1 link (1.) 

25 links = 1 rod (rd.) 

4 rods = 1 chain (ch.) 

80 chains = 1 mile (mi.) 


1 mile = 80 ch. = 320 rd. = 8000 1. = 63,360 in. 
Jewish Linear Measure 


cubit =1.824 ft. 

Sabbath day’s journey = 3648 ft. 


mile (4000 cubits) = 7296 ft. 
day’s journey = 33.164 mi. 


Square Measure 

144 square inches (sq. in.) =1 square foot (sq. ft.) 

9 square feet = 1 square yard (sq. yd.) 

301 square yards = 1 square rod or perch (sq. rd.; P.) 

160 square rods = 1 acre (A.) 

640 acres = 1 square mil** 









TABLES 


313 


Sq. mi. A. Sq. rd. 

1 = 640 = 102,400 
1 = 160 
1 


sq. yd. 

3,097,600 

4840 

301 

1 


sq. ft. 

27,878,400 

43,560 

2721 

9 


sq. in. 

= 4,014,489,600 
= 6,272,640 

= 39,204 

= 1296 


Tp. 

1 


Purveyor’s PquaRe Measure 
625 square links (sq. 1.) = 1 square rod (sq. rd.) 
16 square rods = 1 square chain (sq. ch.) 

10 square chains = 1 acre (A.) 

640 acres = 1 square mile (sq. mi.) 

36 square miles = 1 township (Tp.) 


sq. mi. 


A. 


sq. ch. 


sq. rd. 


sq. 1. 


= 36 = 23,040 = 230,400 = 3,686,400 = 2,304,000,000 

1 = 640 = 6400 = 102,400 = 6,400,000 

1 = 10 = 160 = 100,000 


Cubic Measure 

1728 cubic inches (cu. in.) = 1 cubic foot (cu. ft.) 
27 cubic feet = 1 cubic yard (cu. yd.) 

1 cu. yd. = 27 cu. ft. = 46,656 cu. in. 


Wood Measure 


16 cubic feet 
8 cord feet, or 1 
128 cubic feet j 

244 cubic feet 


= 1 cord foot (cd. ft.) 

= 1 cord ( C L) 

J perch (Pch.) of stone 
“ \ or of masonry 


Dry Measure 
2 pints (pt.) = 1 quart (qt.) 

8 quarts = 1 peck (pk.) 

4 pecks = 1 bushel (bu.) 

1 bu. = 4 pk. = 32 qt. = 64 pt. 

Liquid Measure 
4 gills = 1 pint (pt.) 

2 pints = 1 quart (qt.) 

4 quarts = 1 gallon (gal.) 

811 gallons = 1 barrel (bbl.) 

1 bbl. = 311 gal. = 126 qt. = 252 pt. = 1008 gi. 


314 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


Circular Measure 
60 seconds = 1 minute (') 
60 minutes = 1 degree (°) 
360 degrees = 1 circle 

Commercial Weight 
16 drams = 1 ounce (oz.) 
16 ounces = 1 pound (lb.) 
2000 pounds = 1 ton (T.) 

Paper 

24 sheets = 1 quire 
20 quires = 1 ream 
2 reams = 1 bundle 
6 bundles = 1 bale 


English Money 
4 farthings (far.) = 1 penny (d.) 
12 pence = 1 shilling (s.) 

20 shillings = 1 pound (£) 


1 £ = 20s. = 240d. = 960 far. 

1 £ = $4.8665 in U. S. money 


Measure of Time 
60 seconds (sec.) = 1 minute (min.) 

60 minutes = 1 hour (hr.) 

24 hours = 1 day (da.) 

7 days = 1 week (wk.) 

365 days = 1 year (yr.) 

366 days = 1 leap year 

1 da. = 24 hr. = 1440 min. = 86,400 sec. 


THE METRIC SYSTEM 

{The Acme of Simplicity) 

The following prefixes are used in the Metric System : 

(Greek) (Latin) 


deka, meaning 

10 

deci, meaning .1 

hekto, meaning 

100 

centi, meaning .01 

kilo, meaning 

1000 

milli, meaning .001 

myria, meaning 

10,000 






TABLES 


315 


Linear Measure 


10 millimeters 
10 centimeters 
10 decimeters 
10 meters 
10 dekameters 
10 hektometers 
10 kilometers 


(mm.) = 1 centimeter (cm.) 
= 1 decimeter (dm.) 

= 1 meter (m.) 

= 1 dekameter (Dm.) 
= 1 hektometer (Hm.) 
= 1 kilometer (Km.) 

= 1 myriameter (Min.) 


Square 

100 square millimeters (sq. mm.) 

100 square centimeters 

100 square decimeters 

100 square meters 

100 square dekameters 

100 square hektometers 


Measure 

= 1 square centimeter (sq. cm.) 
= 1 square decimeter (sq. dm.) 

= 1 square meter (sq. m.) 

= 1 square dekameter (sq. Dm.) 
= 1 square hektometer (sq. Hm.) 
= 1 square kilometer (sq. Km.) 


The area of a farm is expressed in hektares. 

The area of a country is expressed in square kilometers. 


Cubic Measure 

1000 cubic millimeters (cu. mm.) = 1 cubic centimeter (cu. cm.) 
1000 cubic centimeters = 1 cubic decimeter (cu. dm.) 

1000 cubic decimeters = 1 cubic meter (cu. m.) 


Table of Capacity 


10 milliliters (ml.) 
10 centiliters 
10 deciliters 
10 liters 
10 dekaliters 
10 hektoliters 
10 kiloliters 


= 1 centiliter (cl.) 

= 1 deciliter (dl.) 

= 1 liter (1.) 

= 1 dekaliter (Dl.) 
= 1 liektoliter (HI.) 
= 1 kiloliter (Kl.) 

= 1 myrialiter (Ml.) 


The hektoliter is used in measuring grain, vegetables, etc. 
The liter is used in measuring liquids and small fruits. 

Table of Weight 

10 milligrams (mg.) = 1 centigram (eg.) 

10 centigrams = 1 decigram (dg.) 

10 decigrams = 1 gram (g.) 




316 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


1 inch 
1 foot 
1 yard 
1 rod 
1 mile 


10 grams 
10 dekagrams 
10 hektograms 
1000 kilograms 


= 1 dekagram (Dg.) 
= 1 hektogram (Hg.) 
= 1 kilogram (Kg.) 

= 1 metric ton (T.) 


A myriagram = 10,000 grams 
A quintal (Q.) = 100,000 grams 


TABLE OF EQUIVALENTS 


Long Measure 


2.54 centimeters 
.3048 of a meter 
.9144 of a meter 
5.029 meters 
1.6093 kilometers 


1 centimeter = .3937 of an inch 
1 decimeter = .328 of a foot 
1 meter = 1.0936 yards 
1 dekameter = 1.9884 rods 
1 kilometer = .62137 of a mile 


Square Measure 


1 square inch = 6.452 square centimeters 
1 square foot = .0929 of a square meter 
1 square yard = .8361 of a square meter 
1 square rod = 25.293 square meters 
1 acre = 40.47 ares 

1 square mile = 259 hectares 

1 square centimeter = .155 of a square inch 
1 square decimeter = .1076 of a square foot 
1 square meter =1.196 square yards 
1 are = 3.954 square rods 

1 hektare = 2.471 acres 

1 square kilometer = .3861 of a square mile 


Cubic Measure 

1 cubic inch = 16.387 cubic centimeters 
1 cubic foot = 28.317 cubic decimeters 


1 cubic yard = 
1 cord = 

1 cubic centimeter = 
1 cubic decimeter = 
1 cubic meter = 
1 stere = 


.7645 of a cubic meter 
3.624 steres 

.061 of a cubic inch 
.0353 of a cubic foot 
1.308 cubic yards 
.2759 of a cord 



TABLES 


317 


Measures of Capacity 


1 liquid quart = .9463 of a liter 
1 dry quart = 1.101 liters 
1 liquid gallon = .3785 of a dekaliter 
1 peck = .881 of a dekaliter 

1 bushel = .3524 of a hektoliter 


1 liter = 1.0567 liquid quarts 
1 liter = .908 of a dry quart 
1 dekaliter = 2.6417 liquid gallons 
1 dekaliter = 1.135 pecks 
1 hektoliter = 2.8375 bushels 


Measures of Weight 


1 grain Troy = .0648 of a gram 

1 ounce Avoirdupois = 28.35 grams 
1 ounce Troy = 31.104 grams 

1 pound Avoirdupois = .4536 of a kilogram 

1 pound Troy = .3732 of a kilogram 

1 ton (short) = .9072 of a tonneau 


1 gram = .03527 of an ounce Avoirdupois 

1 gram == .03215 of an ounce Troy 

1 gram = 15.432 grains Troy 
1 kilogram = 2.2046 pounds Avoirdupois 
1 kilogram = 2.679 pounds Troy 
1 tonneau = 1.1023 tons (short) 


CONVENIENT MULTIPLES FOR CONVERSION 


To Convert 


Grains to Grams, 

Ounces to Grams, 

Pounds to Grams, 

Pounds to Kilograms, 
Hundredweights to Kilograms, 
Tons to Kilograms, 

Grams to Grains, 

Grams to Ounces, 

Kilograms to Ounces, 
Kilograms to Pounds, 
Kilograms to Hundredweights, 


multiply by .065 

multiply by 28.35 
multiply by 453.6 
multiply by .45 

multiply by 50.8 
multiply by 1016. 
multiply by 15.4 
multiply by .35 

multiply by 35.3 
multiply by 2.2 
multiply by .02 



318 MATHEMATICAL 'WRINKLES 


Kilograms to Tons, 

multiply by 

.001 

Inches to Millimeters, 

multiply by 

25.4 

Inches to Centimeters, 

multiply by 

2.54 

Eeet to Meters, 

multiply by 

.3048 

Yards to Meters, 

multiply by 

.9144 

Yards to Kilometers, 

multiply by 

.0009 

Miles to Kilometers, 

multiply by 

1.6 

Millimeters to Inches, 

multiply by 

.04 

Centimeters to Inches, 

multiply by 

.4 

Meters to Feet, 

multiply by 

3.3 

Meters to Yards, 

multiply by 

1.1 

Kilometers to Yards, 

multiply by 1093.6 

Kilometers to Miles, 

multiply by 

.62 


MISCELLANEOUS 

Acre = 5645.376 square varas. 

Acre (square) is 209J- feet each way. 

Ampere (unit of current) is that current of electricity that decom¬ 
poses .00009324 gram of water per second. 

Are = a square dekameter. 

Barleycorn = ^ inch. 

Barrel (flour) weighs 196 pounds. 

Barrel (wine) holds 31 gallons. 

Bushel (imperial) = 2216.192 cubic inches. 

Bushel (U. S.) = 2150.42 cubic inches. 

Cable length = 120 fathoms. 

Calorie =42,000,000 ergs = .428 kilogrammeter. 

Carat (assayer’s weight) = 10 pennyweight. 

Carat (of diamond) = 3^ grains. 

Centare = 1 square meter. 

Century = 100 years. 

Chaldron = 36 bushels. 

Coulomb (unit of quantity) is a current of 1 ampere during 1 second 
of time. 

Crown = 5 shillings. 

Cubic foot of water weighs 62| pounds. 

Cubit = 18 inches. 

Cycle (metonic) = 19 years. 

Cycle (of indiction) = 15 years. 

Cycle (solar) = 28 years. 


TABLES 


319 


Degree (1°) = ^ of a right angle = ~ radian. 

180 

Dozen = 12. 

Dozen (baker’s) = 13. 

Eagle = $ 10. 

Farthing = $ .00503. 

Fathom = 6 feet. 

Firkin (wine measure) = 9 gallons. 

Florin (Austrian) = $4.53. 

Fortnight = 2 weeks. 

Furlong = \ mile. 

Gallon (dry) = 268.8 cubic inches. 

Gallon (liquid) = 231 cubic inches. 

Gram = weight of 1 cubic centimeter of distilled water at its maximum 
density. 

Great gross = 12 gross. 

Gross = 12 dozen. 

Gross ton, long ton = 2240 pounds. 

. Guilder (Holland) = $ .402. 

Guinea = 21 shillings. 

Half section = 320 acres. 

Hand = 4 inches. 

Heat of fusion of ice at 0° C. is 80 calories per gram. 

Heat of vaporization of water at 100° C. is 536 calories per gram. 
Hectare = 1 square hectometer. 

Hogshead = 2 barrels. 

Kilo = a kilogram. 

Knot = 6080.27 feet, or 1.15 miles. 

Labor = 177.136 acres. 

League or Sitio (Spanish) = 4428.4 acres. 

Leap year. The centennial years divisible by 400 and all other years 
divisible by 4 are leap years. 

Light travels 300,000,000 meters, or 186,000 miles, per second. 

Liter = 1 cubic decimeter. 

Long hundredweight =112 pounds. 

Mill =$.001. 

Minim = a drop of pure water. 

Mite = $ .0187. 

Nautical mile = 1 knot. 

Ohm (unit of resistance) is the electrical resistance of a column of 
mercury 106 centimeters long and of 1 square millimeter section. 







320 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


Pace (common) = 3 feet. 

Pace (military) = 2| feet. 

Pack = 240 pounds. 

Parcian (Spanish) = 5314.08 acres. 

Penny = $ .02025. 

Period (Dionysian, or Paschal) = 532 years. 

Quarter (English) = 8 bushels; U. S. = 8| bushels. 

Quarter section = 160 acres. 

Quintal = 100,000 grams. 

Radian = — = 57.2957796°. 

7T 

Rod = 5| yards,’ or 16| feet. 

Score = 20. 

Section = 640 acres. 

Sextant = 60°. 

Shilling = $ .243. 

Sign = 30 degrees. 

Span = 9 inches. 

Specific heat of ice is about 0.505. 

Square = 100 square feet. 

Stere = .2759 cord, or 1 cubic meter. 

Stone = 14 pounds. 

Strike (dry measure) = 2 bushels. 

Ton (long) = 2240 pounds. 

Ton (register) = 100 cubic feet. 

Ton (shipping) = 40 cubic feet. 

Ton (short) = 2000 pounds. 

Tonneau = 1.1023 tons. 

Township = 36 square miles. 

Vara (California) = 33 inches. 

Vara (Texas) = .9259+ yard, or 33J inches. 

Volt (unit of electromotive force) is 1 ampere of current passing 
through a substance having 1 ohm of resistance. 

Watt (unit of power) is the power of 1 ampere current passing through 
a resistance of 1 ohm. 

Year (common) = 365 days. 

Year (leap, or bissextile) = 366 days. 

Year (lunar) = 354 days.' 

Year (sidereal) = 365 days, 6 hours, 9 minutes, 9 seconds. 

Year (solar) = 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, 46.05 seconds. 


TABLES 


321 


The accumulation of 1 at the end of n years. rn = (1 4 - i)n. 


Years. 

1\%. 

2%. 

3%. 

3? %. 

4%. 

5%. 

6%. 

Years 

1 

1.0150 

1.0200 

1.0300 

1.0350 

1.0400 

1.0500 

1.0600 

1 

2 

1.0302 

1.0404 

1.0609 

1.0712 

1.0816 

1.1025 

1.1236 

2 

3 

1.0457 

1.0612 

1.0927 

1.1087 

1.1249 

1.1576 

1.1910 

3 

4 

1.0614 

1.0824 

1.1255 

1.1475 

1.1699 

1.2155 

1.2625 

4 

5 

1.0773 

1.1041 

1.1593 

1.1877 

1.2167 

1.2763 

1.3382 

5 

6 

1.0934 

1.1262 

1.1941 

1.2293 

1.2653 

1.3401 

1.4185 

6 

7 

1.1098 

1.1487 

1.2299 

1.2723 

1.3159 

1.4071 

1.5036 

7 

8 

1.1265 

1.1717 

1.2668 

1.3168 

1.3686 

1.4775 

1.5938 

8 

9 

1.1434 

1.1951 

1.3048 

1.3629 

1.4233 

1.5513 

1.6895 

9 

10 

1.1605 

1.2190 

1.3439 

1.4106 

1.4802 

1.6289 

1.7908 

10 

11 

1.1779 

1.2434 

1.3842 

1.4600 

1.5395 

1.7103 

1.8983 

11 

12 

1.1956 

1.2682 

1.4258 

1.5111 

1.6010 

1.7959 

2.0122 

12 

13 

1.2136 

1.2936 

1.4685 

1.5640 

1.6651 

1.8856 

2.1329 

13 

14 

1.2318 

1.3195 

1.5126 

1.6187 

1.7317 

1.9799 

2.2609 

14 

15 

1.2502 

1.3459 

1.5580 

1.6753 

1.8009 

2.0789 

2.3966 

15 

16 

1.2690 

1.3728 

1.6047 

1.7340 

1.8730 

2.1829 

2.5404 

16 

17 

1.2880 

1.4002 

1.6528 

1.7947 

1.9473 

2.2920 

2.6928 

17 

18 

1.3073 

1.4282 

1.7024 

1.8575 

2.0258 

2.4066 

2.8543 

18 

19 

1.3270 

1.4568 

1.7535 

1.9225 

2.1068 

2.5270 

3.0256 

19 

20 

1.3469 

1.4859 

1.8061 

1.9898 

2.1911 

2.6533 

3.2071 

20 

21 

1.3671 

1.5157 

1.8603 

2.0594 

2.2788 

2.7860 

3.3996 

21 

22 

1.3876 

1.5460 

1.9161 

2.1315 

2.3699 

2.9253 

3.6035 

22 

23 

1.4084 

1.5769 

1.9736 

2.2061 

2.4647 

3.0715 

3.8197 

23 

24 

1.4295 

1.6084 

2.0328 

2.2833 

2.5633 

3.2251 

4.0489 

24 

25 

1.4509 

1.6406 

2.0938 

2.3632 

2.6658 

3.3864 

4.2919 

25 

26 

1.4727 

1.6734 

2.1566 

2.4460 

2.7725 

3.5557 

4.5494 

26 

27 

1.4948 

1.7069 

2.2213 

2.5316 

2.8834 

3.7335 

4.8223 

27 

28 

1.5172 

1.7410 

2.2879 

2.6202 

2.9987 

3.9201 

5.1117 

28 

29 

1.5400 

1.7758 

2.3566 

2.7119 

3.1187 

4.1161 

5.4184 

29 

30 

1.5631 

1.8114 

2.4273 

2.8068 

3.2434 

4.3219 

5.7435 

30 

31 

1.5865 

1.8476 

2.5001 

2.9050 

3.3731 

4.5380 

6.0881 

31 

32 

1.6103 

1.8845 

2.5751 

3.0067 

3.5081 

4.7649 

6.4534 

32 

33 

1.6345 

1.9222 

2.6523 

3.1119 

3.6484 

5.0032 

6.8406 

33 

34 

1.6590- 

1.9607 

2.7319 

3.2209 

3.7943 

5.2533 

7.2510 

34 

35 

1.6839 

1.9999 

2.8139 

3.3336 

3.9461 

5.5160 

7.6861 

35 

36 

1.7091 

2.0399 

2.8983 

3.4503 

4.1039 

5.7918 

8.1473 

36 

37 

1.7348 

2.0807 

2.9852 

3.5710 

4.2681 

6.0814 

8.6361 

37 

38 

1.7608 

2.1223 

3.0748 

3.6960 

4.4388 

6.3855 

9.1543 

38 

39 

1.7872 

2.1647 

3.1670 

3.8254 

4.6164 

6.7048 

9.7035 

39 

40 

1.8140 

2.2080 

3.2620 

3.9593 

4.8010 

7.0400 

10.2857 

40 

50 

2.1052 

2.6916 

4.3839 

5.5849 

7.1067 

11.4674 

18.4202 

50 

60 

2.4432 

3.2810 

5.8916 

7.8781 

10.5196 

18.6792 

32.9877 

69 

70 

2.8355 

3.9996 

7.9178 

11.1128 

15.5716 

30.4264 

59.0759 

70 

80 

3.2907 

4.8754 

10.6409 

15.6757 

23.0498 

49.6514 

105.7960 

80 

90 

3.8190 

5.9431 

14.3005 

22.1122 

34.1193 

80.7304 

189.4645 

99 

100 

4.4321 

7.2447 

19.2186 

31.1914 

50.5050 

131.5013 

339.3021 

100 

Years. 

U%. 

2%. 

3%. 

3i%. 

4%. 

5%. 

6%. 

Years 






MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


322 

The present value of 1 due in n years. v n = (l -f i)~n. 


Years. 

11%. 

2%. 

3%. 

3i%. 

4%. 

5%. 

6%. 

Years 

1 

0.9852 

0.9804 

0.9709 

0.9662 

0.9615 

0.9524 

0.9434 

1 

2 

0.9707 

0.9612 

0.9426 

0.9335 

0.9246 

0.9070 

0.8900 

2 

3 

0.9563 

0.9423 

0.9151 

0.9019 

0.8890 

0.8638 

0.8396 

3 

4 

0.9422 

0.9238 

0.8885 

0.8714 

0.8548 

0.8227 

0.7921 

4 

5 

0.9283 

0.9057 

0.8626 

0.8420 

0.8219 

0.7835 

0.7473 

5 

6 

0.9145 

0.8880 

0.8375 

0.8135 

0.7903 

0.7462 

0.7050 

6 

7 

0.9010 

0.8706 

0.8131 

0.7860 

0.7599 

0.7107 

0.6651 

7 

8 

0.8877 

0.8535 

0.7894 

0.7594 

0.7307 

0.6768 

0.6274 

8 

9 

0.8746 

0.8368 

0.7664 

0.7337 

0.7026 

0.6446 

0.5919 

9 

10 

0.8617 

0.8203 

0.7441 

0.7089 

0.6756 

0.6139 

0.5584 

10 

11 

0.8489 

0.8043 

0.7224 

0.6849 

0.6496 

0.5847 

0.5268 

11 

12 

0.8364 

0.7885 

0.7014 

0.6618 

0.6246 

0.5568 

0.4970 

12 

13 

0.8240 

0.7730 

0.6810 

0.6394 

0.6006 

0.5303 

0.4688 

13 

14 

0.8118 

0.7579 

0.6611 

0.6178 

0.5775 

0.5051 

0.4423 

14 

15 

0.7999 

0.7430 

0.6419 

0.5969 

0.5553 

0.4810 

0.4173 

15 

16 

0.7880 

0.7284 

0.6232 

0.5767 

0.5339 

0.4581 

0.3936 

16 

17 

0.7764 

0.7142 

0.6050 

0.5572 

0.5134 

0.4363 

0.3714 

17 

18 

0.7649 

0.7002 

0.5874 

0.5384 

0.4936 

0.4155 

0.3503 

18 

19 

0.7536 

0.6864 

0.5703 

0.5202 

0.4746 

0.3957 

0.3305 

19 

20 

0.7425 

0.6730 

0.5537 

0.5026 

0.4564 

0.3769 

0.3118 

20 

21 

0.7315 

0.6598 

0.5375 

0.4856 

0.4388 

0.3589 

0.2942 

21 

22 

0.7207 

0.6468 

0.5219 

0.4692 

0.4220 

0.3418 

0.2775 

22 

23 

0.7100 

0.6342 

0.5067 

0.4533 

0.4057 

0.3256 

0.2618 

23 

24 

0.6995 

0.6217 

0.4919 

0.4380 

0.3901 

0.3101 

0.2470 

24 

25 

0.6892 

0.6095 

0.4776 

0.4231 

0.3751 

0.2953 

0.2330 

25 

26 

0.6790 

0.5976 

0.4637 

0.4088 

0.3607 

0.2812 

0.2198 

26 

27 

0.6690 

0.5859 

0.4502 

0.3950 

0.3468 

0.2678 

0.2074 

27 

28 

0.6591 

0.5744 

0.4371 

0.3817 

0.3335 

0.2551 

0.1956 

28 

29 

0.6494 

0.5631 

0.4243 

0.3687 

0.3207 

0.2429 

0.1846 

29 

30 

0.6398 

0.5521 

0.4120 

0.3563 

0.3083 

0.2314 

0.1741 

30 

31 

0.6303 

0.5412 

0.4000 

0.3442 

0.2965 

0.2204 

0.1643 

31 

32 

0.6210 

0.5306 

0.3883 

0.3326 

0.2851 

0.2099 

0.1550 

32 

33 

0.6118 

0.5202 

0.3770 

0.3213 

0.2741 

0.1999 

0.1462 

33 

34 

0.6028 

0.5100 

0.3660 

0.3105 

0.2636 

0.1904 

0.1379 

34 

35 

0.5939 

0.5000 

0.3554 

0.3000 

0.2534 

0.1813 

0.1301 

35 

36 

0.5851 

0.4902 

0.3450 

0.2898 

0.2437 

0.1727 

0.1227 

36 

37 

0.5764 

0.4806 

0.3350 

0.2800 

0.2343 

0.1644 

0.1158 

37 

38 

0.5679 

0.4712 

0.3252 

0.2706 

0.2253 

0.1566 

0.1092 

38 

39 

0.5595 

0.4620 

0.3158 

0.2614 

0.2166 

0.1491 

0.1031 

39 

40 

0.5513 

0.4529 

0.3066 

0.2526 

0.2083 

0.1420 

0.0972 

40 

50 

0.4750 

0.3715 

0.2281 

0.1791 

0.1407 

0.0872 

0.0543 

50 

60 

0.4093 

0.3048 

0.1697 

0.1269 

0.0951 

0.0535 

0.0303 

CO 

70 

0.3527 

0.2500 

0.1263 

0.0900 

0.0642 

0.0329 

0.0169 

70 

80 

0.3039 

0.2051 

0.0940 

0.0638 

0.0434 

0.0202 

0.0095 

80 

90 

0.2619 

0.1683 

0.0699 

0.0452 

0.0293 

0.0124 

0.0053 

90 

100 

0.2256 

0.1380 

0.0520 

0.0321 

0.0198 

0.0076 

0.0029 

100 

Years. 

11%. 

2%. 

3%. 

3J %. 

4%. 

5%. 

6%. 

Years 






TABLES 


323 


The accumulation of an annuity of 1 per annum at the end of n years. 



(1 -|- j) n— 1 
i 


Years. 1£ %. 

2%. 

3%. 

3|%. 

4%. 

5%. 

6%. 

Years. 

1 

1.0000 

1.0000 

1.0000 

1.0000 

1.0000 

1.0000 

1.0000 

1 

2 

2.0150 

2.0200 

2.0300 

2.0350 

2.0400 

2.0500 

2.0600 

2 

3 

3.0452 

3.0604 

3.0909 

3.1062 

3.1216 

3.1525 

3.1836 

3 

4 

4.0909 

4.1216 

4.1836 

4.2149 

4.2465 

4.3101 

4.3746 

4 

5 

5.1523 

5.2040 

5.3091 

5.3625 

5.4163 

5.5256 

5.6371 

5 

6 

6.2296 

6.3081 

6.4684 

6.5502 

6.6330 

6.8019 

6.9753 

6 

7 

7.3230 

7.4343 

7.6625 

7.7794 

7.8983 

8.1420 

8.3938 

7 

8 

8.4328 

8.5830 

8.8923 

9.0517 

9.2142 

9.5491 

9.8975 

8 

9 

9.5593 

9.7546 

10.1591 

10.3685 

10.5828 

11.0266 

11.4913 

9 

10 

10.7027 

10.9497 

11.4638 

11.7314 

12.0061 

12.5779 

13.1808 

10 

11 

11.8633 

12.1687 

12.8078 

13.1420 

13.4864 

14.2068 

14.9716 

11 

12 

13.0412 

13.4121 

14.1920 

14.6020 

15.0258 

15.9171 

16.8699 

12 

13 

14.2368 

14.6803 

15.6178 

16.1130 

16.6268 

17.7130 

18.8821 

13 

14 

15.4504 

15.9739 

17.0863 

17.6770 

18.2919 

19.5986 

21.0151 

14 

15 

16.6821 

17.2934 

18.5989 

19.2957 

20.0236 

21.5786 

23.2760 

15 

16 

17.9324 

18.6393 

20.1569 

20.9710 

21.8245 

23.6575 

25.6725 

16 

17 

19.2014 

20.0121 

21.7616 

22.7050 

23.6975 

25.8404 

28.2129 

17 

18 

20.4894 

21.4123 

23.4144 

24.4997 

25.6454 

28.1324 

30.9057 

18 

19 

21.7967 

22.8406 

25.1169 

26.3572 

27.6712 

30.5390 

33.7600 

19 

20 

23.1237 

24.2974 

26.8704 

28.2797 

29.7781 

33.0660 

36.7856 

20 

21 

24.4705 

25.7833 

28.6765 

30.2695 

31.9692 

35.7193 

39.9927 

21 

22 

25.8376 

27.2990 

30.5368 

32.3289 

34.2480 

38.5052 

43.3923 

22 

23 

27.2251 

28.8450 

32.4529 

34.4604 

36.6179 

41.4305 

46.9958 

23 

24 

28.6335 

30.4219 

34.4265 

36.6665 

39.0826 

44.5020 

50.8156 

24 

25 

30.0630 

32.0303 

36.4593 

38.9499 

41.6459 

47.7271 

54.8645 

25 

26 

31.5140 

33.6709 

38.5530 

41.3131 

44.3117 

51.1135 

59.1564 

26 

27 

32.9867 

35.3443 

40.7096 

43.7591 

47.0842 

54.6691 

63.7058 

27 

28 

34.4815 

37.0512 

42.9309 

46.2906 

49.9676 

58.4026 

68.5281 

28 

29 

35.9987 

38.7922 

45.2189 

48.9108 

52.9663 

62.3227 

73.6398 

29 

30 

37.5387 

40.5681 

47.5754 

51.6227 

56.0849 

66.4389 

79.0582 

30 

31 

39.1018 

42.3794 

50.0027 

54.4295 

59.3283 

70.7608 

84.8017 

31 

32 

40.6883 

44.2270 

52.5028 

57.3345 

62.7015 

75.2988 

90.8898 

32 

33 

42.2986 

46.1116 

55.0778 

60.3412 

66.2095 

80.0638 

97.3432 

33 

34 

43.9331 

48.0338 

57.7302 

63.4532 

69.8579 

85.0670 

104.1838 

34 

35 

45.5921 

49.9945 

60.4620 

66.6740 

73.6522 

90.3203 

111.4348 

35 

36 

47.2760 

51.9944 

63.2759 

70.0076 

77.5983 

95.8363 

119.1209 

36 

37 

48.9851 

54.0343 

66.1742 

73.4579 

81.7022 

101.6281 

127.2681 

37 

38 

50.7199 

56.1149 

69.1594 

77.0289 

85.9703 

107.7095 

135.9042 

38 

39 

52.4807 

58.2372 

72.2342 

80.7249 

90.4092 

114.0950 

145.0585 

39 

40 

54.2679 

60.4020 

75.4013 

84.5503 

95.0255 

120.7998 

154.7620 

40 

50 

73.6828 

84.5794 

112.7969 

130.9979 

152.6671 

209.3480 

290.3359 

50 

60 

96.2147 

114.0515 

163.0534 

196.5169 

237.9907 

353.5837 

533.1282 

60 

70 

122.3638 

149.9779 

230.5941 

288.9379 

364.2905 

588.5285 

967.9322 

70 

80 

152.7109 

193.7720 

321.3630 

419.3068 

551.2450 

971.2288 

1746.5999 

80 

90 

187.9299 

247.1567 

443.3489 

603.2050 

827.9833 

1594.6073 

3141.0752 

90 

100 

228.8030 

312.2323 

607.2877 

862.6117 

1237.6237 

2610.0252 

5638.3681 

100 

fears. 

1\%. 

2%. 

3%. 

3 j%. 

4%. 

5%. 

6%. Years. 



1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 

37 

38 

39 

40 

50 

60 

70 

80 

90 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


The present value of an annuity of 1 for n years. 



1 — v n 


i 


1J%. 

2%. 

3%. 

3|%. 

0.9852 

0.9804 

0.9709 

0.9662 

1.9559 

1.9416 

1.9135 

1.8997 

2.9122 

2.8839 

2.8286 

2.8016 

3.8544 

3.8077 

3.7171 

3.6731 

4.7827 

4.7135 

4.5797 

4.5151 

5.6972 

5.6014 

5.4172 

5.3286 

6.5982 

6.4720 

6.2303 

6.1145 

7.4859 

7.3255 

7.0197 

6.8740 

8.3605 

8.1622 

7.7861 

7.6077 

9.2222 

8.9826 

8.5302 

8.3166 

10.0711 

9.7868 

9.2526 

9.0016 

10.9075 

10.5753 

9.9540 

9.6633 

11.7315 

11.3484 

10.6350 

10.3027 

12.5434 

12.1062 

11.2961 

10.9205 

13.3432 

12.8493 

11.9379 

11.5174 

14.1313 

13.5777 

12.5611 

12.0941 

14.9076 

14.2919 

13.1661 

12.6513 

15.6726 

14.9920 

13.7535 

13.1897 

16.4262 

15.6785 

14.3238 

13.7098 

17.1686 

16.3514 

14.8775 

14.2124 

17.9001 

17.0112 

15.4150 

14.6980 

18.6208 

17.6580 

15.9369 

15.1671 

19.3309 

18.2922 

16.4436 

15.6204 

20.0304 

18.9139 

16.9355 

16.0584 

20.7196 

19.5235 

17.4131 

16.4815 

21.3986 

20.1210 

17.8768 

16.8904 

22.0676 

20.7069 

18.3270 

17.2854 

22.7267 

21.2813 

18.7641 

17.6670 

23.3761 

21.8444 

19.1885 

18.0358 

24.0158 

22.3965 

19.6004 

18.3920 

24.6461 

22.9377 

20.0004 

18.7363 

25.2671 

23.4683 

20.3888 

19.0689 

25.8790 

23.9886 

20.7658 

19.3902 

26.4817 

24.4986 

21.1318 

19.7007 

27.0756 

24.9986 

21.4872 

20.0007 

27.6607 

25.4888 

21.8323 

20.2905 

28.2371 

25.9695 

22.1672 

20.5705 

28.8051 

26.4406 

22.4925 

20.8411 

29.3646 

26.9026 

22.8082 

21.1025 

29.9158 

27.3555 

23.1148 

21.3551 

34.9997 

31.4236 

25.7298 

23.4556 

39.3803 

34.7609 

27.6756 

24.9447 

43.1549 

37.4987 

29.1234 

26.0004 

46.4073 

39.7445 

30.2008 

26.7488 

49.2099 

41.5869 

31.0024 

' 27.2793 

51.6247 

43.0983 

31.5989 

27.6554 

1 J%. 

2%. 

3%. 

3i%. 


4%. 

5%. 

6%. 

Years. 

0.9615 

0.9524 

0.9434 

1 

1.8861 

1.8594 

1.8334 

2 

2.7751 

2.7232 

2.6730 

3 

3.6299 

3.5460 

3.4651 

4 

4.4518 

4.3295 

4.2124 

5 

5.2421 

5.0757 

4.9173 

6 

6.0021 

5.7864 

5.5824 

7 

6.7327 

6.4632 

6.2098 

8 

7.4353 

7.1078 

6.8017 

9 

8.1109 

7.7217 

7.3601 

10 

8.7605 

8.3064 

7.8869 

11 

9.3851 

8.8633 

8.3838 

12 

9.9856 

9.3936 

8.8527 

13 

10.5631 

9.8986 

9.2950 

14 

11.1184 

10.3797 

9.7122 

15 

11.6523 

10.8378 

10.1059 

16 

12.1657 

11.2741 

10.4773 

17 

12.6593 

11.6896 

10.8276 

18 

13.1340 

12.0853 

11.1581 

19 

13.5903 

12.4622 

11.4699 

20 

14.0292 

12.8212 

11.7641 

21 

14.4511 

13.1630 

12.0416 

22 

14.8568 

13.4886 

12.3034 

23 

15.2470 

13.7986 

12.5504 

24 

15.6221 

14.0940 

12.7834 

25 

15.9828 

14.3752 

13.0032 

26 

16.3296 

14.6430 

13.2105 

27 

16.6631 

14.8981 

13.4062 

28 

16.9837 

15.1411 

13.5907 

29 

17.2920 

15.3725 

13.7648 

30 

17.5885 

15.5928 

13.9291 

31 

17.8736 

15.8027 

14.0840 

32 

18.1476 

16.0025 

14.2302 

33 

18.4112 

16.1929 

14.3681 

34 

18.6646 

16.3742 

14.4982 

35 

18.9083 

16.5469 

14.6210 

36 

19.1426 

16.7113 

14.7368 

37 

19.3679 

16.8679 

14.8460 

38 

19.5845 

17.0170 

14.9491 

39 

19.7928 

17.1591 

15.0463 

40 

21.4822 

18.2559 

15.7619 

50 

22.6235 

18.9293 

16.1614 

60 

23.3945 

19.3427 

16.3845 

70 

23.9154 

19.5965 

16.5091 

80 

24.2673 

19.7523 

16.5787 

90 

24.5050 

19.8479 

16.6175 

100 

4%. 

5%. 

6%. 

Years, 



TABLES 


325 


The annual sinking fund which will accumulate to 1 at the end of n years. 



A _ 


Ta nKf Qin 



1 -Li 






dUU f/- 

blilLc 


s 


1 


a n\ 

S nl 


Years. 

li%. 

3%. 

3%. 

3i%. 

4%. 

5 %. 

6%. 

Years. 

1 

1.0000 

1.0000 

1.0000 

1.0000 

1.0000 

1.0000 

1.0000 

1 

2 

0.4963 

0.4950 

0.4926 

0.4914 

0.4902 

0.4878 

0.4854 

2 

3 

0.3284 

0.3268 

0.3235 

0.3219 

0.3203 

0.3172 

0.3141 

3 

4 

0.2444 

0.2426 

0.2390 

0.2373 

0.2355 

0.2320 

0.2286 

4 

5 

0.1941 

0.1922 

0.1884 

0.1865 

0.1846 

0.1810 

0.1774 

5 

6 

0.1605 

0.1585 

0.1546 

0.1527 

0.1508 

0.1470 

0.1434 

6 

7 

0.1366 

0.1345 

0.1305 

0.1285 

0.1266 

0.1228 

0.1191 

7 

8 

0.1186 

0.1165 

0.1125 

0.1105 

0.1085 

0.1047 

0.1010 

8 

9 

0.1046 

0.1025 

0.0984 

0.0964 

0.0945 

0.0907 

0.0870 

9 

10 

0.0934 

0.0913 

0.0872 

0.0852 

0.0833 

0.0795 

0.0759 

18 

11 

0.0843 

0.0822 

0.0781 

0.0761 

0.0741 

0.0704 

0.0668 

11 

12 

0.0767 

0.0746 

0.0705 

0.0685 

0.0666 

0.0628 

0.0593 

12 

13 

0.0702 

0.0681 

0.0640 

0.0621 

0.0601 

0.0565 

0.0530 

13 

14 

0.0647 

0.0626 

0.0585 

0.0566 

0.0547 

0.0510 

0.0476 

14 

15 

0.0599 

0.0578 

0.0538 

0.0518 

0.0499 

0.0463 

0.0430 

15 

16 

0.0558 

0.0537 

0.0496 

0.0477 

0.0458 

0.0423 

0.0390 

16 

17 

0.0521 

0.0500 

0.0460 

0.0440 

0.0422 

0.0387 

0.0354 

17 

18 

0.0488 

0.0467 

0.0427 

0.0408 

0.0390 

0.0355 

0.0324 

18 

19 

0.0459 

0.0438 

0.0398 

0.0379 

0.0361 

0.0327 

0.0296 

19 

20 

0.0432 

0.0412 

0.0372 

0.0354 

0.0336 

0.0302 

0.0272 

20 

21 

0.0409 

0.0388 

0.0349 

0.0330 

0.0313 

0.0280 

0.0250 

21 

22 

0.0387 

0.0366 

0.0327 

0.0309 

0.0292 

0.0260 

0.0230 

22 

23 

0.0367 

0.0347 

0.0308 

0.0290 

0.0273 

0.0241 

0.0213 

23 

24 

0.0349 

0.0329 

0.0290 

0.0273 

0.0256 

0.0225 

0.0197 

24 

25 

0.0333 

0.0312 

0.0274 

0.0257 

0.0240 

0.0210 

0.0182 

25 

26 

0.0317 

0.0297 

0.0259 

0.0242 

0.0226 

0.0196 

0.0169 

26 

27 

0.0303 

0.0283 

0.0246 

0.0229 

0.0212 

0.0183 

0.0157 

27 

28 

0.0290 

0.0270 

0.0233 

0.0216 

0.0200 

0.0171 

0.0146 

28 

29 

0.0278 

0.0258 

0.0221 

0.0204 

0.0189 

0.0160 

0.0136 

29 

30 

0.0266 

0.0246 

0.0210 

0.0194 

0.0178 

0.0151 

0.0126 

30 

31 

0.0256 

0.0236 

0.0200 

0.0184 

0.0169 

0.0141 

0.0118 

31 

32 

0.0246 

0.0226 

0.0190 

0.0174 

0.0159 

0.0133 

0.0110 

32 

33 

0.0236 

0.0217 

0.0182 

0.0166 

0.0151 

0.0125 

0.0103 

33 

34 

0.0228 

0.0208 

0.0173 

0.0158 

0.0143 

0.0118 

0.0096 

34 

35 

0.0219 

0.0200 

0.0165 

0.0150 

0.0136 

0.0111 

0.0090 

35 

36 

0.0212 

0.0192 

0.0158 

0.0143 

0.0129 

0.0104 

0.0084 

36 

37 

0.0204 

0.0185 

0.0151 

0.0136 

0.0122 

0.0098 

0.0079 

37 

38 

0.0197 

0.0178 

0.0145 

0.0130 

0.0116 

0.0093 

0.0074 

38 

39 

0.0191 

0.0172 

0.0138 

0.0124 

0.0111 

0.0088 

0.0069 

39 

40 

0.0184 

0.0166 

0.0133 

0.0118 

0.0105 

0.0083 

0.0065 

40 

50 

0.0136 

0.0118 

0.0089 

0.0076 

0.0066 

0.0048 

0.0034 

50 

60 

0.0104 

0.0088 

0.0061 

0.0051 

0.0042 

0.0028 

0.0019 

60 

70 

0.0182 

0.0067 

0.0043 

0.0035 

0.0027 

0.0017 

0.0010 

70 

80 

0.0065 

0.0052 

0.0031 

0.0024 

0.0018 

0.0010 

0.0006 

80 

90 

0.0053 

0.0040 

0.0023 

0.0017 

0.00121 

0.00063 

0.00032 

90 

100 

0.0044 

0.0032 

0.0016 

0.0012 

0.00081 

0.00038 

0.00018 

109 

Years. 

U%- 

3%. 

3%. 

3i%. 

4%. 

5%. 

6%. 

Years. 





326 


MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES 


COMMON LOGARITHMS (Base 10) 


N 

0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 ' 

8 

9 

u. d. 

10 

0000 

0043 

0086 

0128 

0170 

0212 

0253 

0294 

0334 

0374 

4.2 

11 

0414 

0453 

0492 

0531 

0569 

0607 

0645 

0682 

0719 

0755 

3.8 

12 

0792 

0828 

0864 

0899 

0934 

0969 

1004 

1038 

1072 

1106 

3.5 

13 

1139 

1173 

1206 

1239 

1271 

1303 

1335 

1367 

1399 

1430 

3.2 

14 

1461 

1492 

1523 

1553 

1584 

1614 

1644 

1673 

1703 

1732 

3.0 

15 

1761 

1790 

1818 

1847 

1875 

1903 

1931 

1959 

1987 

2014 

2.8 

16 

2041 

2068 

2095 

2122 

2148 

2175 

2201 

2227 

2253 

2279 

2.6 

17 

2304 

2330 

2355 

2380 

2405 

2430 

2455 

2480 

2504 

2529 

2.5 

18 

2553 

2577 

2601 

2625 

2648 

2672 

2695 

2718 

2742 

2765 

2.4 

19 

2788 

2810 

2833 

2856 

2878 

2900 

2923 

2945 

2967 

2989 

2.2 

20 

3010 

3032 

3054 

3075 

3096 

3118 

3139 

3160 

3181 

3201 

2.1 

21 

3222 

3243 

3263 

3284 

3304 

3324 

3345 

3365 

3385 

3404 

2.0 

22 

3224 

3444 

3464 

3483 

3502 

3522 

3541 

3560 

3579 

3598 

1.9 

23 

3617 

3636 

3655 

3674 

3692 

3711 

3729 

3747 

3766 

3784 

1.8 

24 

3802 

3820 

3838 

3856 

3874 

3892 

3909 

3927 

3945 

3962 

1.8 

25 

3979 

3997 

4014 

4031 

4048 

4065 

4082 

4099 

4116 

4133 

1.7 

26 

4150 

4166 

4183 

4200 

4216 

4232 

4249 

4265 

4281 

4298 

1.6 

27 

4314 

4330 

4346 

4362 

4378 

4393 

4409 

4425 

4440 

4456 

1.6 

28 

4472 

4487 

4502 

4518 

4533 

4548 

4564 

4579 

4594 

4609 

1.5 

29 

4624 

4639 

4654 

4669 

4683 

4698 

4713 

4728 

4742 

4757 

1.5 

30 

4771 

4786 

4800 

4814 

4829 

4843 

4857 

4871 

4886 

4900 

1.4 

31 

4914 

4928 

4942 

4955 

4969 

4983 

4997 

5011 

5024 

5038 

1.4 

32 

5051 

5065 

5079 

5092 

5105 

5119 

5132 

5145 

5159 

5172 

1.3 

33 

5185 

5198 

5211 

5224 

5237 

5250 

5263 

5276 

5289 

5302 

1.3 

34 

5315 

5328 

5340 

5353 

5366 

5378 

5391 

5403 

5416 

5428 

1.3 

35 

5441 

5453 

5465 

5478 

5490 

5502 

5514 

5527 

5539 

5551 

1.2 

36 

5563 

5575 

5587 

5599 

5611 

5623 

5635 

5647 

5658 

5670 

1.2 

37 

5682 

5694 

5705 

5717 

5729 

5740 

5752 

5763 

5775 

5786 

1.2 

38 

5798 

5809 

5821 

5832 

5843 

5855 

5866 

5877 

5888 

5899 

1.1 

39 

5911 

5922 

5933 

5944 

5955 

5966 

5977 

5988 

5999 

6010 

1.1 

40 

6021 

6031 

6042 

6053 

6064 

6075 

6085 

6096 

6107 

6117 

1.1 

41 

6128 

6138 

6149 

6160 

6170 

6180 

6191 

6201 

6212 

6222 

1.0 

42 

6232 

6243 

6253 

6263 

6274 

6284 

6294 

6304 

6314 

6325 

1.0 

43 

6335 

6345 

6355 

6365 

6375 

6385 

6395 

6405 

6415 

6425 

1.0 

44 

6435 

6444 

6454 

6464 

6474 

6484 

6493 

6503 

6513 

6522 

1.0 

45 

6532 

6542 

6551 

6561 

6571 

6580 

6590 

6599 

6609 

6618 

1.0 

46 

6628 

6637 

6646 

6656 

6665 

6675 

6684 

6693 

6702 

6712 

.9 

47 

6721 

6730 

6739 

6749 

6758 

6767 

6776 

6785 

6794 

6803 

.9 

48 

6812 

6821 

6830 

6839 

6848 

6857 

6866 

6875 

6884 

6893 

.9 

49 

6902 

6911 

6920 

6928 

6937 

6946 

6955 

6964 

6972 

6981 

.9 

50 

6990 

6998 

7007 

7016 

7024 

7033 

7042 

7050 

7059 

7067 

.9 

51 

7076 

7084 

7093 

7101 

7110 

7118 

7126 

7135 

7143 

7152 

.8 

52 

7160 

7168 

7177 

7185 

7193 

7202 

7210 

7218 

7226 

7235 

.8 

53 

7243 

7251 

7259 

7267 

7275 

7284 

7292 

7300 

7308 

7316 

.8 

54 

7324 

7332 

7340 

7348 

7356 

7364 

7372 

7380 

7388 

7396 

.8 


Note : The column u. d. (=unit difference) is useful in interpolating. Multiply the 
u. d. value by figure in 4th place of given number and add to logarithm read from 
table for first 3 figures of number. 


















TABLES 


327 


COMMON LOGARITHMS 


N 

0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

55 

7404 

7412 

7419 

7427 

7435 

7443 

7451 

7459 

7466 

7474 

56 

7482 

7490 

7497 

7505 

7513 

7520 

7528 

7536 

7543 

7551 

57 

7559 

7566 

7574 

7582 

7589 

7597 

7604 

7612 

7619 

7627 

58 

7634 

7642 

7649 

7657 

7664 

7672 

7679 

7686 

7694 

7701 

59 

7709 

7716 

7723 

7731 

7738 

7745 

7752 

7760 

7767 

7774 

60 

7782 

7789 

7796 

7803 

7810 

7818 

7825 

7832 

7839 

7846 

61 

7853 

7860 

7868 

7875 

7882 

7889 

7896 

7903 

7910 

7917 

62 

7924 

7931 

7938 

7945 

7952 

7959 

7966 

7973 

7980 

7987 

63 

7993 

8000 

8007 

8014 

8021 

8028 

8035 

8041 

8048 

8055 

64 

8062 

8069 

8075 

8082 

8089 

8096 

8102 

8109 

8116 

8122 

65 

8129 

8136 

8142 

8149 

8156 

8162 

8169 

8176 

8182 

8189 

66 

8195 

8202 

8209 

8215 

8222 

8228 

8235 

8241 

8248 

8254 

67 

8261 

8267 

8274 

8280 

8287 

8293 

8299 

8306 

8312 

8319 

68 

8325 

8331 

8338 

8344 

8351 

8357 

8363 

8370 

8376 

8382 

69 

8388 

8395 

8401 

8407 

8414 

8420 

8426 

8432 

8439 

8445 

70 

8451 

8457 

8463 

8470 

8476 

8482 

8488 

8494 

8500 

8506 

71 

8513 

8519 

8525 

8531 

8537 

8543 

8549 

8555 

8561 

8567 

72 

8573 

8579 

8585 

8591 

8597 

8603 

8609 

8615 

8621 

8627 

73 

45633 

8639 

8645 

8651 

8657 

8663 

8669 

8675 

8681 

8686 

74 

8692 

8698 

8704 

8710 

8716 

8722 

8727 

8733 

8739 

8745 

75 

8751 

8756 

8762 

8768 

8774 

8779 

8785 

8791 

8797 

8802 

76 

8808 

8814 

8820 

8825 

8831 

8837 

8842 

8848 

8854 

8859 

77 

8865 

8871 

8876 

8882 

8887 

8893 

8899 

8904 

8910 

8915 

78 

8921 

8927 

8932 

8938 

8943 

8949 

8954 

8960 

8965 

8971 

79 

8976 

8982 

8987 

8993 

8998 

9004 

9009 

9015 

9020 

9025 

80 

9031 

9036 

9042 

9047 

9053 

9058 

9063 

9069 

9074 

9079 

81 

9085 

9090 

9096 

9101 

9106 

9112 

9117 

9122 

9128 

9133 

82 

9138 

9143 

9149 

9154 

9159 

9165 

9170 

9175 

9180 

9186 

83 

9191 

9196 

9201 

9206 

9212 

9217 

9222 

9227 

9232 

9238 

84 

9243 

9248 

9253 

9258 

9263 

9269 

9274 

9279 

9284 

9289 

85 

9294 

9299 

9304 

9309 

9315 

9320 

9325 

9330 

9335 

9340 

86 

9345 

9350 

9355 

9360 

9365 

9370 

9375 

9380 

9385 

9390 

87 

9395 

9400 

9405 

9410 

9415 

9420 

9425 

9430 

9435 

9440 

88 

9445 

9450 

9455 

9460 

9465 

9469 

9474 

9479 

9484 

9489 

89 

9494 

9499 

9504 

9509 

9513 

9518 

9523 

9528 

9533 

9538 

90 

9542 

9547 

9552 

9557 

9562 

9566 

9571 

9576 

9581 

9586 

91 

9590 

9595 

9600 

9605 

9609 

9614 

9619 

9624 

9628 

9633 

92 

9638 

9643 

9647 

9652 

9657 

9661 

9666 

9671 

9675 

9680 

93 

9685 

9689 

9694 

9699 

9703 

9708 

9713 

9717 

9722 

9727 

94 

9731 

9736 

9741 

9745 

9750 

9754 

9759 

9763 

9768 

9773 

95 

9777 

9782 

9786 

9791 

9795 

9800 

9805 

9809 

9814 

9818 

96 

9823 

9827 

9832 

9836 

9841 

9845 

9850 

9854 

9859 

9863 

97 

9868 

9872 

9877 

9881 

9886 

9890 

9894 

9899 

9903 

9908 

98 

9912 

9917 

9921 

9926 

9930 

9934 

9939 

9943 

9948 

9952 

99 

9956 

9961 

9965 

9969 

9974 

9978 

9983 

9987 

9991 

9996 


OlOiOiCtOi OlOiCnOlUi Cn C" C" 0< Or Cl OS OS OS OS 05 OS OS 05 OS OS 05 OS ^ M ^ 00 00 00 
















INDEX 


Age Table. 


75 

Mensuration. 

258 

Algebraic Problems . . . 

. 

25 

Metric Tables. 

314 

Answers and Solutions to 



Miscellaneous Helps. 

285 

Algebraic Problems . . 


185 

Miscellaneous Problems . . . 

48 

Arithmetical Problems . 

. , 

163 

Multiplication Table. 

304 

Geometrical Exercises 


197 

Nine Point Circle. 

45 

Mathematical Recreations 

. 

205 

Numbers Classified . . . . . 

302 

Miscellaneous Problems . 


201 

Painting and Plastering . . . 

269 

Approximate Results. . . 


240 

Papering. 

270 

Arithmetical Problems . . 

. 

1 

Periods of Numeration .... 

286 

Arithmetical Series . . • 


286 

Pi ( 7 r) to 707 places. 

285 

Belts. 

. 

258 

Quotations dn Mathematics . . 

245 

Bins, Cisterns, etc. . . • 


259 

Right Triangles whose Sides are 


Brick and Stone Work . . 

. 

259 

Integral. 

306 

Carpeting. 


260 

Roofing and Flooring .... 

274 

Casks and Barrels .... 


260 

Scalene Triangles whose Areas 


Compound Interest Tables . 

• 

305 

are Integral. 

306 

Cube Roots of Integers . 

. 

307 

Scientific Truths. 

291 

Density of a Body .... 


265 

Short Methods . 

228 

Examination Questions 

. 

113 

Addition. 

228 

Extraction of Any Root . . 

. 

289 

Approximate Results .... 

240 

Fourth Dimension .... 


108 

Division. 

234 

Fractions Classified . . . 



Fractions. 

235 

Geometrical Exercises . . 

i . 

33 

Multiplication . 

230 

Geometrical Magnitudes Classi- 


Interest . 

237 

fied . 



Subtraction. 

230 

Grain and Hay . 


267 

Similar Solids. 

276 

G . C. D. of Fractions . . . 

. 

288 

Similar Surfaces ...... 

276 

Harmonic Mean .... 


287 

Specific Gravities. 

309 

Historical Notes .... 


294 

Squares of Integers. 

306 

Historical Notes on Arithmetic . 

296 

Square Roots of Integers . . . 

■ 307 

Horner’s Method .... 


289 

Table of Equivalents. 

316 

Interest . 



Table of Prime Numbers . . . 

308 

Yi. C. M. of Fractions . . 

. 

288 

Tables .. . . . 

304 

Logs. . . ‘.. 


268 

To find the Day of the Week . . 

287 

Lumber . 


269 

To find the Day’s Length at Any 


Marking Goods . 


244 

Longitude. 

288 

Mathematical Branches Defined 

291 

To find the Height of a Stump . 

289 

Mathematical Recreations . 

0 

58 

To Sum to Infinity . . . • • 

287 

Mathematical Signs . . . 


301 

Values of Foreign Coins . • • 

310 

Mathematics Classified . . 


302 

Weights and Measures . . . • 

311 

Mean Proportional • • • 


, 287 

Wood Measure . 

283 


328 






























































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